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G-L
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES
LIBRARY
MUSEITM OF OOMFASATIYE ZOOLOGT
JV'ifjCiLi.
^L:^%S^\
Ol
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MINERALS
NEW SOUTH WALES.
ARCHIBALD LIVERSIDGE, '
PEOFESSOB OP MINEKALOGY IN THE UNIVBRSITY OP SYDNEY. ASSOC. ROY.
SCH. SONES, LONDON. LATE SCHOLAR OF CHRIST'S COLLEOE, CAHBBIDOK
STDJIBY : TllOtUa KICHARDB, OOVERNMENT PBIKTER, PHILUP-3TREET.
1876.
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OORRIO-BITIDA.
Page of Page qf
Pamphlet. Volume.
19 171
20 172
24 176
24 176
27 179
36 188
58 190
40 192
43 195
46 198
48 200
62 204
66 208
60 212
Line. For Read
4 docomposition decomposition
Last but one FeCo FeCos
19 SPbaPaO,, PbCl SPbgPaOg, PbClj
32 ... 3Pb8As208, Pb01...3Pb3As208, PbCla
4 Mowemban Mowembah
6 Ozo-kerite Ozokerite
30 former following
34 hard hand
3 anamygdaloidal an amygdaloidal
20 Berrada Benada
36 doTible-sized double
19 Staxjralite Staurolttb
17 ft« few
..:.. 10 Goetheite Gothite
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
By Archibald Liversidoe, late Scholar of Christ's College,
Cambridge, Professor of Mineralogy in the University of
Sydney.
iSead before the Royal Society of N.8.W., 9 December, 1874.]
The title merely of the following paper was read before the Society
on the above date, as the paper is not of a nature suitable for
reading in its entirety, but is more suited for reference merely.
The descriptions of the minerals are given almost entirely from
specimens which I have either collected myself or which have
come under my own personal observation ; and the analyses have
in all cases been made by myself, except where otherwise stated.
It is much to be deplored that no systematic examination of the
minei*als and rocks of New South Wales has been undertaken
similar to that performed in other Colonies! The amount of exact
information which has yet been published is surprisingly small.
Some of the localities have been taken from papers published
by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, M.A., F.G.S., the late Mr. Stutchbury,
who was for some time government geologist, and from some of the
reports of the earlier explorers.
Great difficulty was at times found in identifying certain of the
localities, from the changes which the names of places have in
many cases imdergone — numbers of localities I have had to reject
altogether on this account, and some uncertain ones probably still
remain ; but as it is my intention on the first opportunity to briilg
this little introductory paper out in a more complete form, with,
if possible, descriptive figures of the more remarkable specimens,
I hope to be able to correct any mistakes which may have crept in,
and in a paper of this kind it is almost impossible that some should
not occur, although I have done my best to keep the number down
to as few as possible.
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2 THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
PART I.
METALLIC MINERALS.
Gold.
Only one trae mineral species of gold has up to the present been
found in New South Wales, and that is : —
Native Gold.
Cubical system. Well developed crystals are very rare and are
never of large size, seldom exceediag ^inch in diameter, and the
faces are usually more or less cavernous ; the most common form
are the octohedron and rhombic dodekahedron ; single and detached
crystals are seldom found, they are usually attached end to end,
forming strings, wires, and branching or aborescent /orms. A
beautiful branching tree like group of large rhombic dodekahedral
crystals weighing some 20 oz. was formerly to be seen in the
Australian Museum collection, but the specimen has been stolen,
so that it is unfortunately lost to science. Occasionally elongated
crystals of rhombic dodekahedra are met with, arranged in columnai*
groups very similar to groups of basaltic columns. As with other
minerals, the smaller crystals are usually the most perfect. Fili-
form, reticulated, and spongy shapes are common; but mo)*e so are
irregular plates, scales, and strings, which interpenetrate the matrix
in every direction. Sometimes, as observed by Mr. C. S. Wilkinson
at a mine near Wagga Wagga, the plates are so exceedingly thin
that they form mere films like gold-leaf, and in this particular
instance the films run both between and across the laminse of the
red-coloured slate in which they occur. Then again, gold occurs
in New South Wales, as elsewhere, so finely divided and equally
diffused throughout the matrix as to be invisible even by the aid
of a lens.
As alluvial gold it occurs in more or less rounded and water-
worn flattened grains, scales, and pebbles or nuggets. The largest
nuggets discovered in Australia have been found in Victoria, none
at all to compare with them in size have been in New South
Wales.
Examples of New South Wales Nuggets.
No. 1. Found ia July, 1851, by a native boy, amongst a heap
of quartz, at Meroo Creek or Louisa Creek, River Taron, 53 miles
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THE MIKERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 3
from Bathurst, and 29 miles from Mudgee, New South Wales. It
was in three pieces when discovered, though generally considered
as one mass. The aboriginal who discovered these blocks " observed
a speck of some glittering substance upon the surface of. a block of
the quartz, upon which he applied his tomahawk, and broke off a
portion." One of the pieces weighed 70 lbs. avoir., and gave
60 lbs. troy of gold ; the gross weight of the other two about 60
lbs. each. These three pieces, weighing If cwt., contained 106 lbs.
troy of gold, and about 1 cwt. of quartz. In the same year
another nugget, weight 30 lbs. 6 ozs., was discovered in clay, 24
yards from the large pieces ; and in the following year, also near
to No. 4, there were found two nuggets, weighing 167 ozs. and
71 ozs.
Gross weight (troy), 106 lbs. ; 1,272 ozs.
No. 2. A model of what is said to be the first large nugget
found in New South Wales is to be seen in the Australian
Museum, Sydney. Found in Ophir Creek.
No. 3. A nugget weighing 26 ozs. was found at Bingera in 1852.
No. 4. Found by a party of four, on 1st November, 1858, at
Burrandong, near Orange, New South Wales, at a depth of 35 fb. ;
when pounded with a hammer it yielded 120 lbs. of gold, for
which .£5,000 were offered. Melted at the Sydney Mint, when it
weighed 1,286 ozs. 8 dwts. ; after melting, 1,182 ozs. 7 dwts. ;
loss, 8 per cent. ; fineness, 87-4 per cent. ; the standard weight of
gold being 1,127 ozs. 6 dwts. Value, £4,389 8s. lOd. The gold
was mixed with quartz and sulphide of iron (mundic). Assay,
87-40 per cent, gold = 20 car. 3^ car. grs.
Gross weight (troy), 107 lbs. 2 ozs. 8 dwts. ; 1,286 ozs. 8 dwts.
No. 6. Found at Kiandra, Snowy River, New South Wales,
October, 1860.
Gross weight (troy), 33 lbs. 4 ozs. ; 400 ozs.
No. 6. " The Brenan Nugget." Found in Meroo Creek, Turon
Biver, New South Wales, embedded in clay; measures 21 inches
in circumference. It was found 24 yards from No. 1. Sold in
Sydney, 1851, for £1,156.
Gross weight (tnJy), 30 lbs. 6 ozs. ; 364 ozs. 11 dwts.
No. 7. Found at New Chum Hill, Kiandra, Snowy Biver, New
South Wales, July, 1861.
Gross weight (troy), 16 lbs. 8 ozs. ; 200 ozs.
No. 8. Found at Kiandra, Snowy Biver, New South Wales,
March, 1860.
Gross weight (troy), 13 lbs. 4 ozs. ; 160 ozs.
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4 THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALE$.
No. 9. Found, in 1852, at Meroo Creek, Turon River, New
South Wales, close to No. L This was called " The King of the
waterwom Nuggets."
Gross weight (troy), 13 lbs. 1 oz. ; 157 ozs.
No. 10. Found in 1860, at the Tooloom Diggings, New South
Wales ; nearly solid gold.
Gross weight (troy), 11 lbs. 8 ozs. ; 140 ozs.
No. 11. Found at Kiandra, Snowy River, New South Wales,
March, 1860.
Gross weight (troy), 7 lbs. 9 ozs. 18 dwts. ; 93 ozs. 18 dwta.
No. 12. Found in 1852, at Louisa Creek, New South Wales;
a solid lump of gold.
Gross weight (troy), 6 lbs. 10 ozs. ; 82 ozs.
No. 13. Found by two boys, in July, 1861, at Gundagai (new
diggings). New South Wales.
Gross weight (troy), 5 lbs. 4 ozs. 7 dwts. ; 64 ozs. 7 dwts.
No. 14. Found in 1857, at Louisa Creek, New South Wales;
gold and crystallized quartz.
Gross weight (troy), 4 lbs. 2 ozs. ; 50 ozs.
No. 15. Found at New Chum Hill, Kiandra, New South Wales,
in July, 1861.
Gross weight (troy), 3 lbs. 6 ozs. ; 42 ozs.
No. 16. Found at Summer Hill Creek, New South Wales. The
earliest nugget found in New South Wales after the gold discovery
there by Hargraves. 13th May, 1851.
Gross weight (troy), 1 lb. 1 oz. ; 13 ozs.
No. 17. A nugget weighing 22 ozs. 18 dwts. 12 grains was found
recently on " M'Guiggan's Lead," about 9 miles from Parkes; the
metal was of dark colour and free from gangue.
No. 18. A nugget weighing 19 ozs. 12 dwts. was fo\md early in
1876, at the " Wapping Butcher" Mine, near Parkes.
For the accounts of Nos. 1 and Nos. 4 to 16 I am indebted to
Mr. Brough Smyth's Gold Fields cmd Mineral Districts of Victoria,
In colour most of the New South Gold is usually of fairly deep
yellow, being rather lighter than Victorian and not so light as
much of the Southern Queensland gold, but occasionally specimens
of very pale and of very dark gold are met with. The quantity of
silver present greatly ajQTects the colour of the metal.
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 5
In specific gravity it varies considerably, the mean being about
17-5.
A specimen of ^Braidwood gold had a specific gravity of 18-28.
Gompositian. — ^No specimens of actually pure gold have been
met with. There is always more or less silver present, and usually
traces of copper, iron, and other metals.
Pbr centaok of silver, copper, and iron in New South Wales (jrold.
Determinations made at the Sydney Mint, December, 1854.
GoldTield:
Mean of
No. of
Bpecimens.
Silver.
Copper and Iron.
Tambaroora
14
8
5
1
4-735 to 7- 64
4- 29 to 8- 37
3- 86 to 5-006
5*69
Trace to -125
• 13
•105
• 03
Turon
Aferoo
Mookerawa
Ophir
1
5-93
Other metals
•01
Adelong
5
5*115 to 6*665
„ *015 to
13
Araluen, Major's
Creek
2
5- 05 to 6* 49
Araluen, Bell's
Paddock
1
10*345
Bingera, nugget 4
oz. 3dwts.
1
12*525
Hanging Rock,
Oakenville Creek
1
6*295
Hanging Rock,
Cordilkra Gold
Company, Peel
River
1
9*325
Rocky River
1
5- 63
From the above average the average value was 80/6 per oz., the value of
the standard oz. being 77/lOid. For the materials of the above table I am
indebted to Dr. Smith.
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
Tablx ■bowing the proportion of gold and silver in charaoteristic flamplet
of gold dust, from various localities in New Sonth Wales, after
melting. By F. B. Miller, F.C.S., late Assayer in Sydney Branch of
the Royal Mint.
LoeaUty.
Gold in 1,000 parts.
SUtw in 1,000 iwrta.
NOKTI
Boonoo Boonoo
854 to 659
872
708 to 898
929
934 to 962
923 to 937
■CRN.
827 to 903
929 to 933
943
915
943 to 954
918 to 928
915
946 to 959
EBN.
948
946 to 951
928 to 934
971
971
983
337 to 298
121
280 to 97
67
61 to 33
66 to 63
164 to 92
66 to 63
54
82
54 to 42
78 to 68
83
63 to 37
48
52 to 45
67 to 62
27
27
15
Fairfield
Timhl^rrA ..
Peel River
Rocky River
Nundle
West
Bathnrst
Sofala
Tuena
Ophir , , r
Tambaroora
Turon
Hargraves
Windeyer
SOUTK
Biirranifonfl'
Adelonflf > .
Braidwood
Emu Creek
Delegate
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
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THE MINERALS OP NEW SOUTH WALES: 9
The average fineness of Victorian gold is about 23 carats, that
is to say, it contains about 96 per cent, gold and 3^ per cent, of
silver, with about J per cent, of other metals. Further north, in
New South Wales, the average fineness is 22 carats 1 J grains, or
93^ per cent, gold and 6 per cent, silver. Still further north, in
Queensland, the average fineness is but little more than 21 carats,
or 87*25 per cent, gold, 12 per cent, silver. Maryborough gold
only contains 85 per cent, gold and as much as 14 per cent, silver.
(F. B: MilleriF.aS, Trans. Boy, Soc, 2^.8. W., 1870.)
The Palmer gold, from Northern Queensland, is much richer
than any of the specimens from Queensland referred to above.
Vein gold. — ^The greater portion of the gold found in situ in
New South Wales occurs in quartz veins running through the older
and metamorphic rocks. It is also said to occur under similar
circumstances in true igneous rocks. Calcite is occasionally the
vein-stuff.
The rocks in which auriferous veins are most commonly met
with are the various argillaceous slates, and chloritic and talcose
schists; also in granite, as at Braidwood and Bowenfells, porphyries,
and other 'similar metamorphic rocks ; in Eisenkiesel, at Carcoar.
The walls and " country" of such veins are also usually auriferous
to greater or less distances.
As examples of "the richness of portions of gold veins, the
following may be cited : — ^A telegram from Hill End, on February
1st, 1873, stated that at Beyers & Holtermann's mine 100 cwt.
of gold had been raised in 200 cwt. of stuff. From the same mine
a slab of veinnstuff and gold weighing 6 J cwt. was exhibited which
was estimated to contain about 2 cwt. of gold. Many other
similarly rich blocks were also shown.
The Mint returns for the gold from 415 tons of veinnstuff from
this mine were 16,279-63 ozs., value £63,234 12s.
Krohmann's Company, also at Hill End, raised 436 tons 9 cwt.
of stuff, for which the mine returns were 24,079 ozs. 8 dwts. of
gold, value £93,616 lis. 9d.
Gold reefs in New South Wales have not yet been worked to
any great depth. At Adelong they are getting good stone from a
depth of 630 feet
Associations. — ^The most common minerals which are found
with vein gold are iron pyrites, which is never quite free from,
and is sometimes exceedingly rich in gold ; iron oxide, which is for
the most part derived from the decomposition of various pyrites ;
mispickle, in calcite, as at Lucknow, where the mispickle contains in
parts over 200 ozs. of gold per ton ; with mispickl^t Carcoar, and
at Moruya with silver sulphides also ; with pyrrhoifiq^ and calcite,
as at Hawkin's Hill; with galena, zinc, blende, magnetite,
molybdenite, chlorite, talc, asbestos, steatite; cuprite, malachite,
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10 THE MINERALS OF NEW 80UTH WALES.
-and other copper ores, notably in the Wellington and Adelong
districts ; it is reported with tin in the cliffs at Eden, and with
native arsenic at Solferino.
In alluvial deposits gold is associated in New South Wales with
a very lai*ge number of minerals ; and it is remarkable that certain
of them such as platinum, osmo-iridium, sapphire, ruby, oriental
emerald, and diamond, have not yet been found in situ. Amongst
the others we have tinstone, titaniferous iron, magnetic iron,
chromic ii'on, brookite, rutile, anatase, emerald, beryl, topaz, zircon,
hyacinth, spinelle, garnet, red and brown haematite, pyrites, binoxide
of manganese, galena, blende, tounnaline,magnesite, and many more
of less value.
The alluvial deposits are of various ages, but none of them
probably are older than late Tertiary age, and are often deeply
buried by overflows of igneous rocks.
Gold is found in small quantities in the tin-drifts of New
England, especialy in the older drifts, conglomerates or "cements" as
they are termed by the miners.
The Rev. W. B. Clarke mentions that gold is found at the mouth
of the Richmond River distributed in the sand and covering
pebbles on the sea beach — a similar distribution is found in the
sand of Shell Harbour. Other spots give similar indications, and
some specimens of gold were brought up from the searbottom by
the sounding apparatus of H.M.S." Herald" off Port Macquarie.
Dhtribution, — From the fact that gold is so widely scattered
over nearly the whole of New South Wales, it would be almost an
endless task to attempt to enimierate the names of all the localities
at which it has been found, it must therefore suffice to refer you
to the names of the principal gold fields, already cited in the
tables which show the proportion of silver contained by gold from
various parts of the Colony, and to the mineral map published by
the Government, which roughly shows the approximate area of the
various gold fields.
Amount. — The total quantity of gold as recorded in the Govern-
ment returns from 1851 to 1874 was 8,205,232.698 ozs., and the
value £30,536,246 10s. 6d. A model in the form of a huge
parallelopipedon, measuring 6 ft. 6 inches square in the base and
having a height of 11*1 feet, representing this amount of gold, is
now at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, — the calculation
for the above dimensions being based on the assumption that the
average specific gravity of the gold was 17*5.
The Discovery of Gold. — It is beyond my province to express
any opinion upon the long disputed question as to who was the
original discjpverer of gold in Australia ; but it may not be out of
place to quote certain statements which have been made from time
to time, so that each may judge for himself.
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 11
The Evening News of Sydney for 7th August, 1875, contains
the following statement with respect to the original discovery of
gold : — " We are in a position to show that gold was discovered,
and we believe officially reported to the Government, upwards of
fil'ty-two years ago, viz., on the 16th February, 1823. On that
date, Mr. Assistant-Surveyor James M'Brian discovered the
precious metal at a spot on the Fish River, about midway between
O'Conneir Plains and Diamond Swamp, a little to the north of the
old Bathurst Boad, and about 15 miles east of Bathurst. We
have now before us an extract from Mr. M^Brian's field book,
which book is preserved in the Surveyor General's Office. It reads
as follows :-7-* February 16, 1823. At 81*50 to river, and marked
gum-tree. At this place . I found numerous particles of gold in
ike sand and in the hills convenient to the river.' It is possible
but hardly probable that other persons may have discovered gold
before that date, and that owing to the then peculiar social con-
dition of the Colony, arising from the presence of a large prison
population, it was thought best to suppress the knowledge of the
fact."
It is stated that Count Strzelecki found gold, associated with
pyrites, in 1839, in the Vale of Clwydd.
With reference to the most important part which the Bev. W. B.
Clarke played in the discovery of gold in Australia, I cannot do
better than quote the words of one of England's most eminent
geologists.
Professor Geikie, in his " Life of Murchison," says : — " Count
Strzelecki appears to have been the first to ascertain the actual
existence of gold in Australia ; but, at the request of the Colonial
authorities, the discovery was closely kept secret. The first
explorer who proclaimed the probable auriferous veins of Australia on
true scientific grounds, that is, by obtaining gold in situ and tracing
the parent rocks through the country, was the Rev. W. B. Clarke,
M.A., F.G.S., who originally a clergyman in England has spent a
long and laborious life in working out the geological structure of
his adopted country. New South Wales. He found gold in 1841,
and exhibited it to numerous members of the Legislature, declaring
at the same time his belief in its abundance. While therefore
geologists in Europe were guessing, he, having actually found the
precious metal, was tracing its occurrence far and near on the
ground."
In 1844, Sir Bod. Murchison pointed out the singularity of
the Blue Mountain Chain of Australia (the Cordillera) to that of the
Ural, and predicted the occurrence of gold ; this seems to have
turned out a happy guess, but it cannot be wholly considered as a
scientific declaration. His prognostications, 1844-6-7 (appear)
however, to have been the first published.
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12 THE MINERALS OP NEW SOUTH WALES.
On June 23rd, 1875, some articles and lettera referring to the
discovery of gold appeared in the Parkes Gazette, in which it is
stated that Mr. Jolm Phillips announced the discovery of gold in
1847. A letter, dated from Jermyn-street, 1 6th July, 1 855, from Sir
Rod. Murchison to Sir Chas. Hotham, is cited, which states that
" Mr. Phillips is the person who first announced to me that he had
detected it (gold) in your government (1847). I so stated the
fact in my letter of 1848 to the Colonial Secretary, Lord Grey,
when I urged upon H. M. Government to take the initiative in
developing the auriferous resources of the region."
To Mr. Hargraves in 1851 was reserved the satisfaction of
showing that gold existed in great quantities in various parts of
the Colony and how it could be readily obtained from alluvial
deposits by means of the cradle.
Silver.
Native Silver.
Native silver does not appear to have been found in situ in
New South Wales.
The Rev. W. B. Clarke mentions in his " Southern Gold
Fields," that silver has been met with in the Southern Districts in
two or three places in the form of small fragments and arborescent
crystals. The same author mentions finding a thin plate of flexible
silver having a sp. gr. of 10.
Strzelecki found traces of silver in the western country in 1839.
Silver glance.
Chem. comp.: Sulphide of silver = AgjS. Silver, 87*1 ; S, 12*9 =
100. Cubical system.
This ore has been found with iron pyrites in quartz, also in lime-
stone on the Clarence River, and on the Manning River. At two
or three places near Bathurst, at Copper Hill on the western side,
and at Brownlea; on the Page and Isis Rivers; at Brunaby
Creek, county Argyle; at Broulee, Moruya, with cobalt, zinc,
and iron ; Teesdale, Co. Bathurst ; Queanbeyan River, Burra
Creek, Yass River ; Buckinbah ; Tacking Point, Co. Macquarie ;
Borrowa Creek ; Crookwell River ; with gold, lead, and zinc at
Gulgong ; with carbonate of lead at Peelwood ; with galena and
iron pyrites at Shellmalleer ; on the Molonglo River, near junction
with the Murrumbidgee, and at junction of Murrumbidgee Creek
with Mountain Creek. In nearly all cases the silver sulphide
occurs mixed more or less intimately with galena, so that properly
it should usually be. termed argentiferous galena.
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the minerals op new south wales. 13
Antimonial Silver Ore.
Containing arsenic, at Moiniya. (See specimen in the Australian
Museum.)
Flatmum.
Native Platinum.
Reported to occur with gold in the Shoalhaven River, and in
the Ophir gold district — in the form of small grains, Bendemeer.
Osmium Iridium.
Osmo-iridium.
This compound of osmium and iridium is very commonly met
with in the auriferous and other drifts of New South Wjdes in
the form of minute grains and scales.
I have observed it in the gem-sand at Bingera, Mudgee, Bathurst,
and other places.
Its presence in alluvial gold is occasionally a source of trouble
at the Mint, for minute grains are often mechanically enclosed by
the gold after melting, which by their hardness speedily destroy
the dies duiing the operation of coining.
Kercury.
Native .Merbury.
In the Mookerawa Creek and in Great Waterhole at Ophir, men-
tioned by Stutchbuiy, and he states that mercury had never been
used on that creek.
Cinnabar.
Chemical composition : Mercury, sulphide = HgS. Found on
the Cudgegong River in an argillaceous matrix, and in alluvial
deposits associated with gold, gems, and other similarly occurring
minerals, in the form of small rounded masses of a brilliant red
colour. Reported to occur also at Moruya.
Copper.
Native Copper.
Cubical system. Crystallized native copper is by no means rare,
but large and well developed crystals as elsewhere are uncommon.
It is met with massive, in plates, threads, wires, and arborescent
forms, the latter being usually built up of elongated rhombic
dodekahedra.
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14 THB MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
I have been unable to find any analysis of New South Wales
native copper, but it probably contains the usual small quantities
of silver, lead, bismuth, and other metals.
In nearly all cases it is found in association with cuprite,
malachite, and other oxidized copper ores, as at Carcoar, the
Canobolas, Wellington, Mitchell's Creek, Bathurst, Pink's Creek,
Bell River, Peel Kiver, Manilla, Bingera, Cobar. It occurs in
smaragdite on Molong Creek, at Peelwood with lead ores. The
late Mr. Stutchbury reports that at Kelloshiels the well-water was
found to be so impregnated with copper as to be unfit for domestic
purposes.
Cuprite.
Chem. comp. : Copper suboxide = CujO. Copper, 88*8 oxygen,
11-2 = 100.
Usually found massive, but occasionally well crystallized, in
cubes and octohedra, which, however, are seldom more than \
inch in diameter.
Ghalcotrichite, or Plush Copper : The variety crystallized in capil-
lary crystals, met with at the Coombing Mine near Carcoar. The
best crystals which I have seen have come from the Cobar Mine.
This mineral is usually associated with the other oxidized coppw
ores, such as malachite and chessylite. ^
It is abundant at Cobar, both massive and ciystallized; Clarence
River, Cowra, JBathurst district, Mitchell's Creek, Wiseman's
Creek, Carcoar, Icely, Burrowa, Molong ; Manilla, with grey sul-
phide or redruthite; Bungonia, Yass; Peelwood, Mdth tenorite;
Bingera.
Tekorite. — Melaconite.
Or Black Oxide. — Chem. comp. : Copper oxide = CuO. Copper,
79-86; oxygen, 20-16 = 100.
Usually in the form of a black powder, massive, or sporadic, i.e,y
disseminated in nests. Usually found associated Mdth other
oxidized copper ores, as at Carcoar, Wellington, Icely, Peelwood,
Burrowa.
Malachite.
Green Carbonate of Copper. — Chem. composition: Hydrous
Copper Carbonate = CU2CO3 + HjO. CuO, 71*9; carbonic acid,
19-9 ; water, 8*2 = 100. Metallic copper, 57-6.
Oblique system. Colour from pale emerald to deep green. Occurs
massive, also mammillated and botryoidal with fibrous concentric
structure, the various layers often possessing different shades of
colour and forming a most beautiful and valuable stone for orna-
mental and inlaying purposes. Crystals are occasionally met with,
and sometimes of large size ; those from the Cobar Mines are par-
ticularly beautiful. The silky lustre is often very remarkable, the
capillary crystals sometimes being several inches long.
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THE MINEBALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 16
. It is found in most of the surface workings of New South
Wales copper mines, as in the Bathurst district with chlorite,
vitreous, yellow, and other copper ores ; at Cambalong earthy and
fibrous malachite is associated with barytes or heavy spar, and
with yellow and peacock ore ; at Cobar, with steatite ; Mitchell's
Creek, Wellington, mixed with other surface ores, and often con-
taining large quantities of gold and -silver ; Roedy Creek, Icely,
Peelwood, Yass, Bingera, and other places.
Chessylitk.
Azurite, or Blue carbonate of copper.
Chem. comp. : Hydrous copper carbonate. 2 CuCOj + CuHjO,.
Copper oxide, 69*2; carbonic acid, 25*6; water, 5-2 = 100.
Oblique sjrstem. Colour from azure to indigo blue, translucent
to opaque.
Found massive and crystallized. The best specimens of the latter
come from the Cobar Mines. They often assume a radiated concre-
tionary form, with the terminal planes of the crystals studding the
surface of the balls in the form of small projections. These con-
cretions vary from almost imperceptible points up to balls several
inches in diameter, and as they often occur diffused through a
pale grey or green coloured steatitic clay they present an extremely
pretty appearance ; at other times the crystals ai-e set off by a
dazzling white felspathic clay. Well developed crystals are also
found lining vuggy cavities.
At Cobar chessylite is associated with atacamite in addition to
the other more commonly occurring ores.
At Woolgarloo chessylite occurs with native copper, cuprite, and
malachite in pink and white fluor spar. This mixture has at
times a very pretty effect, from the manner in which the copper
minerals are diffused through the cracks and reticulating cavities
in the fluor spar. Something of the same sort of thing is to be
seen in the fluor spar from South Wiseman's Creek.
Amongst other localities for chessylite are Inverell, in quartz
veins ; Bathurst, Peelwood, Icely, and Ophir.
Atacamite.
Chem. composition : Hydrous oxychloride copper = SCuHaO, +
CuCl. Copper oxide, 53*6 ; copper chloride, 30*2^ water, 16-2 =
100. Khombic system. Dark green in colour.
Occurs in the Cobar and Cowra copper mines.
Chryscolla.
Chemical composition: Hydrous copper silicate « CuSiO, 4-
2H2O. Copper oxide, 45*3; silica, 34-2; water, 20*5 = 100.
Amorphous. In colour, dark-green.
Reported to occur in a matrix of semi-opal at the Coombing
Copper Mine, 2 miles frx>m Carcoar. Also occurs at Cobar.
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16 the minerals op new south wales.
Phosphocalcite.
jPseudomalachite, — Chem. Comp : Hydrous copper phosphate
= Cu5P20io + 3B[.,0. Copper oxide, 670 ; phosphoric acid, 23-9 ;
water, 9*1 = 100. Rhombic system. Colour, dark'-green.
Coombing Copper Mine.
Abseniate of Copper.
Mentioned as occuning in a quartz vein on the Cox River, but
it is not stated whether the mineral was condurrite, olivenite, or
one of the other arseniates.
The next group of copper ores comprises the various Sulphur
Compounds of Copper.
Redruthite.
Erubescite, vitreous copper ore, copper glanpe.
Chem. comp : Copper disulphide = CugS. Copper, 79*8 ; sulphur,
20-2 = 100. Rhombic system.
I have only seen this mineral in the massive state, but it is
found crystallized in South Australia. It is of a lead-grey colour,
soft, and leaves a shining streak.
Found at Cobar ; Manilla waters, near Bowral ; near the Wel-
lington Caves, with blue and green carbonates in a quartzose vein-
stuff ; also at Wellbank, near Wellington ; at Cardiangullong
Creek, with iron pyrites ; at Bathurst, Kroombit, Icely, Carcoar.
Bornite.
Purple ore, Buntkupfererz.
Chem. comp : = (Cuj Fe) Sj. Varies considerably.
Copper, 56 to 70 ; iron, 6 to 17 ; sulphur, 21 to 26.
Cubical system ; colour, copper red, purple to brown ; massive ;
fracture, even to small conchoidal ; streak blackish-grey, shining.
Found at Cobar ; Bingera ; Wellbank, Wellington District.
Fahlerz.
Grey Copper Ore. Tetrahedrite.
Chem. comp. : 4CuS + SbjSg but variable.
Part of the copper often replaced by iron, zinc, silver (up to
30 percent.), mercury, or cobalt ; and the antimony partly replaced
by arsenic and occasionally bismuth.
Cubical system, usually in tetrahedral forms — Whence one of *its
synonyms ; colour, grey ; soft, cuts with shining streak.
Occurs on the west side of Copper Hill, near Molong.
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THE MINERALS OP NEW SOUTH WALES. 17
Chalcopyrites.
Copper pyrites. Chem. Gomp. : Copper-iron sulphide Cuj S,
Fea S3. Copper, 34*6; iron, 30-5; sulphur 34-9 = 100. Tetra-
gonal system ; henuhedral forms. A very abundant ore.
Usually occurs massive ; occasionally crystals are met "with, but
they are generally but imperfectly developed. Colour, usually brass
yellow. Blister ore is more of a bronze colour, and occurs in
mammillated and botryoidal forms. The tarnished variety of copper
pyrites, known as peacock ore from the splendid colours which it
acquires, is very common.
It occurs in nearly all the metalliferous districts in the Colony :
at Cobar, Bingera, Elsmore, Clarence, Wiseman's Creek ; Welling-
ton and Bathurst districts, with zinc blende, steatite, quartz,
and asbestos; Wallabadah, Carcoar, Cargo, Ophir, Peelwood,
Tuena, Bungonia ; at Currowang, on the Shoalhaven ; Adelong,
with gold ; at Lob's Hole on the Tumut ; Kiandra.
JBeU-metal Ore — Cobar.
DOMEYKITE.
Arsenical Copper Sulphide. Chem. Comp. : Copper arsenide,
Cu^. Copper, 71*7; arsenic, 38-3 = 100.
Amorphous. Occurs in the Bathurst District with yellow sulphide
of copper.
Antimonial Copper Ore.
Said to occur at Eden, Twofold Bay.
Dioptase, olivenite, liebethenite, boumonite, and other beautiful
copper minerals have apparently yet to be found.
Iron.
Native Iron.
Out of a large number of specimens of so called native iron
which have come before me from time to time, not one was entitled
to be so called ; they had all without exception been derived from
iron and steel tools.
Native iron, apart from that derived from meteorites, however,
probably does occur in the Colony, and it is most likely to be
found in or near to igneous rocks, e.g., melted globules of native
iron have been met with at Ballaarat in Victoria in connection with
basalt.
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18 THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
Magnetite.
Magnetic Iron Ore. Chem. Comp. : Iron oxide = Foj O4. Iron,
72-4 ; oxygen, 27*6 = 100. Cubical system.
This is the richest of all the ores of iron, and when perfectly
pure it only contains rather more than 72 per cent, of metallic iron;
hence the absurdity of the statement so commonly made that the
iron ores on a certain property contain over 90 percent, of metal will
be at once apparent ; and moreover, it is a very rare thing indeed
for large masses of any ore to be quite pure, therefore, instead of
the amount of metal in the vaunted mineral even approaching to
that quantity it falls far below it, and most probably it is much
nearer 60 than 90 per cent.
It is found in the Colony both massive and crystallized in
octohedra, which are usually small. In structure it varies, being
compact, granular or lamellar.
Large deposits of magnetite exist at Wallerawang; Mount
Lambie, in a chloritic matrix ; Mount Wingen ; Solferino in quartz
veins ; Grafton with copper ores ; on the Clarence and the Shoal-
haven.
A lamellar magnetite of good quality occurs in quartz at Car-
coar associated with iridescent botryoidal brown haematite, and at
Combullanarang with copper ores.
It is also found at Inverary Quarry, where Stutchbury mentions
that it occurs in the pisolitic form, associated with a black non-mag-
netic ore in rounded particles the size of peas, and cemented together
by a variety of crystallized minerals. Crystallized and compact
magnetite occurs near the limestone quarries on Belubula Creek.
Rounded and polished nodules of magnetic iron ore occur in the
Lachlan River with ilmenite ; it is also found in nearly all the
gold and gem bearing drifts and deposits.
HLffiMATiTE. — Specular Iron.
Red Haematite, Specular Iron. Chem. comp. : Iron oxide Foj O3.
Iron, 70; oxygen, 30 = 100.
Hexagonal system, in rhombohedral forms. Usually massive,
platy, or micaceous. Well-formed crystals are almost unknown
here. Specular iron ore occurs in a coarse-grained granite at Sum-
mer's Hill, near Bathurst, and at Mount Lambie ; also at Bookham
and Yass, with micaceous and massive red haematite ; micaceous
haematite also occurs at Pine Bone Creek, with titaniferous iron.
Of the haematite near Carcoar, the late Mr. Stutchbury speaks
as follows : — " In a gully or creek called the Waterfall Creek,
running into the Cardiangullong Creek, and at the extremity of a
mountain spur known as the Rocky Ridge, there is an immense
mass of oxydulous iron (haematite) formiug in one solid mass a
precipitous waterfall of about 60 feet m height ; in this mass of
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THE MINERALS OF NEW S0X7TH WALES. 19
iron, especially in the joints, there are brilliant crystals of iron
pyrites, with a small quantity of yellow copper ore and traces of
blue and green carbonate of copper. Here also is found iron
sulphate, from the docomposition of the pyrites."
In the cliffs at Shepherd's Hill, Newcastle, there are trunks of
trees converted into red hsematite.
Large deposits of massive and somewhat ochry red hsematite
occur at Brisbane Water, also over large areas in the County of
Argyle. This same mineral enters largely also into the composi-
tion of the so-called "red hills" occurring in the New England
tin districts and other parts. A silicious red hsematite is tdso
common in the Hawkesbury sandstone, about Sydney, and else-
where, as veins and scattered nodules.
One of these nodules which I examined contained 28*0 per
cent, of metallic iron, and the compact red hsematite from Nattai
gave me 45 per cent.
GrOETHiTE. — Brown Hsematite.
Chem. comp. : Hydrated sesquioxide of Iron = FeaOs,3H20.
Iron sesqtiioxide, 89*9 ; water, lO'l = 100.
Grenerally massive, or with fibrous radiate structure, minute
velvety crystals are sometimes met with ; also scaly, mammillated,
pisolitic, reniform, and stalactitic.
Externally the colour is often jet-black with high lustre ; within
yellow, yellowish-brown, and full-brown. Streak, brown.
Many of the nodules of brown hsematite contain cavities and
hollows holding a soft black substance like binoxide of manganese,
which hardens on exposure.
Very large and extensive irregular deposits and pockets of brown
hsematite occur at Wallerawang, Jamberoo, Nattai, Port Hacking,
the Murrumbidgee, Mt. Tellula, and many other places, such as
between Mt. Tomah and Mt. King George. In fact this mineral
is one of the most widely diffused.
A specimen of Brown Hsematite, from Wallerawang, yielded
the following results on analysis : —
Water, hygroscopic 1*28
„ combined 12*04
Silica and insoluble matter. . . 12*19
Sesquioxide of iron 73 -60 = 51 '2 percent, metallic iron.
Phosphorus '12
Sulphur -06
Undetermined '71
100-00
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20 THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
LiMONITE. '
A variety of brown haematite. Large stalactites are formed by
the ferruginous springs at Berrima, Nattai, and elsewhere, and the
deposits of brown iron from these often contain beautiful impressions
of leaves and other objects ; also in botryoidal and mammillated
forms.
Extensive deposits of what are termed Clay Band iron ores occur
interbedded with the coal measures. These form an earthy variety
of browQ haematite; yet they are often very rich, and as they
occur in immense quantities in close association with coal, they
form a most valuable source of iron.
A specimen from Wallerawang yielded the following results : —
Water, hygroscopic 128
„ combined 3*54
Silica and insoluble matter. . . 4*60
Sesquioxide of iron 80 -00 = 66 per cent, metallic iron.
Phosphorus *49
Sulphur •!!
Undetermined constituents. . 9*98
100-00
Specimens from two other seams in the same locality yielded
49*28 and 53*31 per cent, of metallic iron respectively.
Similar clay bands occur at Jamberoo ; in the Buttar Banges^
near to East Maitland ; at Mount Wingen, and elsewhere.
JPisolitic Iron Ore — Is another of the less pure forms of Haematite.
Large superficial deposits of pisolitic and brecciated iron ore,
red and brown, occur near Bungonia and "Windellama Creek, and
overlie the slate more or less continuously between Bungonia,
Jacqua Creek (with limestone), Dog Trap, and Spring Creeks,
forming what are known as the " Made Hills."
The " Made Hills" which lie between the Macintyre Eiver and
Cope's Creek are composed of the same material.
A pea-iron ore occurs in the coal at Nattai, and near Bungonia
there is an auriferous argillaceous iron ore. At the Boro Creek,
County of Argyle, there is a botryoidal pisolitic ore.
The same variety occurs at Brisbane Water.
Bed and Tellow Ochres — ^Are closely allied to the above Haema-
tite iron ores, and are usually found associated with them.
Spathic Iron Ore. — Chalybite.
Siderite, Sphoerosiderite. — Hexagonal system, rhombohedral
forms.
Chem. Comp : Iron carbonate =» FeCO. Iron oxide, 62*1 ;
Carbonic acid, 37*9.
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 21
Occurs in minute crystals at Gulgong. It is also found at New-
stead Mine, New England, with arragonite ; in basalt, at Jordan's
Hill, Cudgegong River.
Thick bands of grey-coloured impure carbonate of iron, some of
which contain about 10 per cent, of metallic iron occur in the coal
measures at Jamberoo.
Chrome Iron. — Chromite.
Chem. Comp. : Iron chromate = FeCrO*. Iron oxide, 32*0 ;
chromic acid, 68*0 = 100.
Cubical system: Usually occurs massive, with a granular or
lammellar structure. Black in colour, and in small crystals and
water-worn grains in gold and gem bearing sands.
In the Gwydir River and many of its tributaries, in Nundle
Creek, Two-mile Creek, the Horton River, Hanging Rock, at Stony
Batta with serpentine, Bingera, Reedy, Gundamulda, Kennedy's,
and Angular Creeks; also at Mudgee, the Murrumbidgee River, and
near Yass.
Scorodite.
Chem. Comp. : An arseniate of iron. Arsenic acid, 49*8 ;
sesquioxide of iron, 34*7 ; water, 15*5 = 100.
Rhombic system : with iron pyrites, Cadell's Reef, Mudgee Road,
9 miles south-east of Mudgee.
Pharmacosiderite.
Chem. Comp. : Arseniate of Iron. Arsenic acid, 39*8. ; phos-
phoric acid, 2*5 ; sesquioxide of iron, 40*6 ; water, 17*1 = 100.
Cubical system. — Found crystallized in small oHve-green cubes,
Subtranslucent.
IjOcaHty. — ^To the east of Bungonia.
Titaniperous Iron.
Chem. Comp. : Iron and titanium.
There are several different kinds of titaniferous iron, distinguished
by their physical properties and by the amounts of titanic acid
which they contain — such as ilmenite, iserine, menaccanite, &c.
Until those found in New South Wales have been examined, it will
it be as well, perhaps, to class them all under the general head of
titaniferous iron.
Found usually with alluvial gold, about Ophir, Bathurst, Mudgee,
Bingera, and Uralla in the diamond drifts. Large rolled masses
occur at Uralla. Ilmenite, menaccanite, nigrine, and iserine are said
to occur with gold, garnets, and chrysolites in the Two-mile Flat
Creek Cudgegong River, and in the Lachlan with magnetite.
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22 THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
Iron Pyrites.
Chem. comp.:, FeS,. Sulphur 63-3; iron 46-7 = 100. Crys-
tallizes in the cubical system. Occurs massive and crystallized,
the most common forms being the cube and the pentagonal
dodekahedron. "Well-formed cubes partially decomposed into brown
hsematite are common in many deposits with gold, and are known
to the miners by the name of " devil's dice." All specimens of
pyrites which I have examined have without exception contained
traces of gold, and in some cases large amounts.
As is fbimd to be the case in other parts of the world, this
mineral is almost universally diffused throughout the metalliferous
districts of the Colony, and is found in rocks of all ages.
"Well-formed crystals are found in the Manilla and Namoi
Elvers. In the tin district of New England it is very common —
Bathurst district ; at Gulgong, well-formed pentagonal dodecahedra
are common in the auriferous quartz veins. Very abimdant in the
Adelong reefs ; the Carcoar District ; at Kiandra, crystallized in
cubes with molybdenite.
Ma/rcadte, — ^Rhombic pyrites. Chem. comp. : Iron sulphide =
FeSj. Same as the former, of which it is an allotropic form.
Fluted rhombic crystals occur with arsenical and common pyrites
(auriferous) to the south of Reedy Creek, Shoalhaven River ; also
at Carcoar, with galena and other minerals.
Pyrrhotine.
Magnetic pyrites. Chem. comp. : ForSg. Sulphur 39*6 ; iron
60-5 = 100.
Hexagonal system.
More of a copper-colour than the other pyrites, slightly magnetic,
and crystallizes in six-sided forms.
It occurs with gold and calcite at Hawkins Hill.
Nickel
Kupfernigeel. — Copper-nickel.
Chem. Comp. : Nickel arsenide = NiAs., Ni = 44*1 : As =* 55*9 =
100.
Hexagonal system : Massive. Of a copper-red colour, in parts
incrusted with pale green nickel hydrate. Reported from near
Bathurst.
Plakodine.
Arsenical nickel : NiAs., Nickel = 60 per cent.
Found by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, on the Peel River, and to the
south-west of Weare's Creek. Yellowish white in colour, highly
magnetic. Sp. gr. = 8 ; H. = 6*5 ; and dissolving readily in nitric
add.
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 23
Manganese.
The ores of manganese do not appear to have been discovered
in any great abundance in New South Wales.
Wad.
An impure oxide of manganese.
At Long Gully, near Bungonia, it is met with having a more or
less botryoidal form and platy structure ; of a black colour, soft
with a black shiTiing streak ; in association with quartz, both as
small veins running through the quartz and as an external coating
or incrustation. A specimen from this locality was found to con-
tain 1*57 per cent, of cobalt, and 0*36 per cent, of nickel (Dr.
Thomson.)
It is abundant in the diamond drift near Mudgee, both as a
cement and incrustation ; often dendritic in outline. The incrusta-
tion on many of the pebbles is evidently quite recent.
It is very common as dendritic markings on rocks in many parts
of the Colony.
It is foimd to the north of Cotumba, loose on the ground ; also
at Orange.
A pecidiar form of wad is found in cavities in the basalt at
Hill End ; this variety is very soft and porous, being composed of
minute scales arranged loosely together in a concentric manner — in
fact, having a structure similar to that of wood ; externally it has
somewhat a frothy appearance, with a metallic lustre ; so soft that
it blackens the fingers, and will hardly bear handling without
crushing.
KUPFERMANGANEBZ.
Cuprous manganese. Chem. comp. : An impure oxide of
manganese, containing a few per cent, of black oxide of copper
and oxide of cobalt.
Found in the Coombing Copper Mine, with native copper, cuprite,
copper carbonates, and sulphides.
Zinc«
Zinc Bleih^e.
Chem. comp. : Zinc sulphide = ZnS. Found massive, and crys-
tallized ID small henuhedral forms belonging to the cubical system.
Many of the crystals have beautiful bronze and purple metallic
tints.
With tin, gold, manganese, copper pyrites, galena, and other
minerals, on Major's Creek, near Bungonia.
With gold, iron, copper pyrites, and asbestos^ in a quartz vein,
Wiseman's Creek, near Bathurst. Orange
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24 THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
Native Lead.
The Rev. W. B. Clarke more than once mentions having found
native lead on the Peel River and elsewhere.
Minium, or Native Red Lead.
Chem. comp.: Lead oxide ^PbsOi. Lead, 90*66; oxygen,
9*74 = 100. Occurs with cerussite at Peelwood, near Tuena.
Cebussite.
Chem. comp.: Lead carbonate = PbCOs. Lead oxide, 83*5;
carbonic acid, 16*5 = 100. Occurs massive and in large prismatic
crystals at Peelwood Mine ; on the exterior they are often coloured
red by a ferruginous clay. Also found at Tuena in a red clay.
At Solferino.
Anqlesite.
Chem. comp. : Lead sulphate = PbS04. Lead oxide, 73*6; sul-
phuric acid, 36-4= 100. Said to have been found with galena on
the Abercrombie River.
Pyromorphite.
Chem. comp.: Lead phosphate = 3Pb3P208, PbCl. Li round
numbers, lead oxide, 75-0 ; phosphoric acid, 16*0 ; lead chloride,
10 = 100. Small quantities of calcium fluoride and calciiim
phosphate are usually present.
At Grenfell, it is found as a bright green-coloured powder con-
taining minute hexagonal prisms ; it is also found of the same
colour associated with galena and mimetite in a vein traversing
clay slate, near Bathurst. Another specimen from Bathurst was of
a pale greyish-brown colour, with a waxy lustre, and mammillated
surface, upon which small crystals of chessylite were seated.
It also occurs on the Sugar-loaf Hill, near Wellington ; also on
Mitchell's Creek.
Mimetite. — Kampylite.
Chem. comp. : Lead arseniate = 3Pb8As20H, PbCl. In this mineral
the phosphoric is replaced by arsenic acid. Of a brown colour, and
in much-curved or barrel-diaped hexagonal prisms. With pyro-
morphite at Sugar-loaf Hill, Wellington.
Wulfenite.
Chem. comp. : Lead molybdate = PbM04. Lead oxide, 6 15;
molybdic acid, 38*5 = 100. Mentioned as occurring on a spur of
Mount Murulla, Eangdon's Ponds, and near Mount Wingen.
Structure, radiate and waterwom. The Rev. W. B. Clarke also
records finding drifted molybdate of lead^ on the North Shore;
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 25
Galena.
Chem. comp.: Lead sulphide = PbS. Lead, 86*6 ; sulphur, 13'4
= 100. This, as elsewhere, is the commonest ore of lead ; it not
only occurs in large deposits, but it is widely distributed over the
Colony.
It is usually found in the massive state, and with a granular
structure which varies from fine to coarse. Occasionally it is met
with fairly well crystallized, as at CambaJong, but on the whole
crystals are rare. La other respects it presents all the usual pro-
perties of the mineral as found in other countries.
Localities — Near Liverell, and other places in New England ;
at Talwal Creek, on Yalwal Water ; Reedy Creek ; Wallabadah ;
on the Peel ; the Page, Isis, and Hunter Rivers ; at Burrowa, in
quartz veins ; with copper ores, on Lawson's Creek, a tributary of
the Cudgegong ; at Gulgong ; Jugiong Creek ; Crookwell River ;
Waroo, near Humewood ; near Bathurst ; Wellington ; Sandy
Swamp j at Mylora Creek, near Yass, in a quartz porphyry j at
Woolgarloo, in association with fluor spar ; near Bombala ; at
Kiandra, in quartz veins.
Li all cases the galena is more or less rich in silver.
Tin.
Cassiterite.
Tinstone. Chem. comp: Tin binoxide = Sn02. Tin, 78 '67;
oxygen, 21-33 = 100.
Tetragonal system. Occurs massive, crystallized, and as rolled
pebbles and masses known as " stream tin." Well-developed crys-
tals are by no means rare ; the forms assumed are very similar to
those found in other coimtries, viz., the prism, or a series of prisms
combined with the pyramid, or pyramids, with and without the basal
pinacoid plane. Sometimes the crystals are very large, especially
those which are made up solely of the planes of the pyramid.
The lustre is usually bright metallic, hence many of the speci-
mens are exceedingly pretty and brilliant, especially some of the
ruby and amber coloured transparent specimens, which, however,
have not as a rule so high a lustre as the black ciystals \ the colour
varies from almost colourless and transparent, through shades of
grey, yellow, amber, red, brown, to black, and opaque. Often more
than one of these colours are to be seen in the same specimen,
when the effect is very fine, especially the admixture of the ruby-
red and translucent amber colours.
The hardness and sp. gr. do not appear to differ from tinstone
obtained elsewhere.
The principal tin veins in New South Wales which have yet
been worked, occur in granite at once seen to be similar to
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26 THE MINERALS OF mW SOUTH WALES.
that of Cornwall. In isome parts, as at Elsmore and Newstead,
New England, much of it occurs in veins of greisen (mica and
quartz), and in eurite (felspar and quartz). At Newstead Mine,
and also at the Albion Tin Mine, crystals of tin-stone are seen
disseminated through large and well-formed transparent quartz
crystals. At the former place the quartz crystals in which it
occurs often weigh nearly a hundred weight.
It occurs in association with molybdenite, fluor spar, a yellow
steatitic mineral, garnet, beryl, topaz, the matrix of the tin-stone
is sometimes in places composed solely of topaz ; malachite, copper
and iron pyrites, mispickLe, tourmaline or schorl, in radiated
groups of crystals, and wolfram. I haVe not seen wolfram in the
same veins, but in other veins in almost juxtaposition.
Wood tin occurs in veins at Glen Creek.
Alluvial tin deposits, — ^There are two distinct sets of tin drifts,
an older and newer ; the former commonly occur at a lower depth,
they are generally much more compact and often cemented together
into a hard conglomerate, usually so hard as to require stamping.
The tinstone is also much rounded and waterwom ; whereas the
tinstone in the newer drift is bright, and has undergone but little
attrition. Some of the fragments or pebbles of rolled tinstone
weigh many pounds, notably on the Butchart Tin Mine.
T^ie minerals found associated with the stream tin are much the
same as those found with it in situ ; but in addition we find gold
in small quantities, diamonds, the sapphire, zircon, pleonaste, topaz
often of large size, bismuthite, rutile, and others.
Up to the present, most of the tin has been obtained from the
New England district.
Rolled toood tin of a grey and black colour, at Abingdon ; also
at Grenfell, with extremely well-marked concentric and radiate
structure, composed of red, brown, and black bands, other frag-
ments made up of alternate light and dark-grey bands. Also
Lambing Flat and Grampian Hills.
Localities, — ^The XJndercliff and Bookookoorara, in county
Buller; Tea-tree Creek, tributary of Orara River; Mitchell and
Henry Rivers (County of Gresham) ; Gordon's Creek, Glen Creek,
Ranger's Valley, Shannon River, Severn River, Paradise Creek,
Sheep-station Creek, Spring Creek, Stockyard Creek; Swan Creek,
near Inverell ; Yarrow River, Middle Creek, Auburn Yale Creek,
Cope's Creek, Sandy and Moredun Creeks, tributaries of the
Bundarra, Kentucky Ponds, Honey's Creek, Honeysuckle Creek,
Gwydir and Rocky Rivers, Sandy Creek, Warialda Creek, Myall
and Reedy Creeks ; Bald Rock ; Nangahra, Tiabundie, and
Mount Lowry Creeks ; Maryland and Herding Creeks ; Boonoo
Boonoo; Mount Mitchell and Oban, Sara and Ann Rivers, Ufalla,
Carlyle Creek, Deepwater, Mole River, and Sandy Mount ; Bende-
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THS MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 27
meer in greisen ; Quirindi, and Carroll's Creeks ; Turon River,
Shoalhaven River; Long Gully and Spring Creek, near Bungonia ;
Burra Creek, Comity of Selwyn ; Dabarra, Jingellie Creek ; at
Mowemban in quartz associated with chalcedony. Vein tin
occurs in quarries at Billabong, near Wagga Wagga. Rolled
wood tin, with the diamonds near Mudgee and Bathurst ; Tum-
berumba, with gold.
The first public mention made of the occurrence of tin in New
South Wales was by the Rev. W. B. Clarke. In the Sydney
Morning Heraldy August 16th, 1849, he records having found it
in the Alps along part of the Murrumbidgee.
Mr. Clarke mentions having found tinstone pseudomorphous
after felspar crystals in New England.
In the* Papers relating to Geological Swrveys published by the
Government, I find that Mr. Hargraves makes the following
mention of tin ore in New South Wales : —
P. 71. " GuntawoQg, 18th July, 1851.
" I have received information from Mr. Rouse of this place
(Guntawang) that a shepherd of his foimd tin at Warrambungall
Mountain some years ago, distant 100 miles north of this place.
I have therefore determined to visit the locality, and start for that
place to-morrow, <fec.
" E. H. Hargraves."
P. 72. "Mudgee, 3rd August, 1851.
" In travelling 6 miles N.W. of the Cudgegong, I found the gold
region ceased; and on arriving at the Warrambungall Mountains,
100 miles N.W., I found coal and iron in great abundance on
every hill, but was not successfdl in finding the tin. The shepherd
who knows the locality gave me a piece which he had smelted into
bars, a sample of which I herewith enclose, which I should suppose
contains 30 per cent, of silver, and in a short time the locality will
be known to me. The man wants a large consideration for disclosing
the whereabouts at present.
« E. H. Hargraves."
Amount of tin ore raised fit)m 1872 up to the end of 1874 was
valued at ^6866,461.
Titanium,
RUTILE.
Chemical composition : Titanic acid = TiOj. Crystallizing usually
in tetragonal prisms. Up to the present time I have only found
it in the form of fragments of crystals with striated surfaces, or
in rounded grains of a hair-brown colour. It is found with the
gem sand from Bald Hill near Bathurst and at Uralla.
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28 THE MINBRALS OF NEW SOUTH WAXES.
Sroohite, — ^Which is an allotropic form of titanic acid, crystal-
lizing in flattened forms belonging to the rhombic system, has also
been found in New South Wales.
In the diamond drift near Mudgee as flat, transparent, red and
translucent reddish-white plates, with striated surfaces. H = 6,
and sp. gr. = 4*13. Chem. comp. : Pure titanic acid, except a minute
trace of iron oxide (Dr. Thomson).
Anatase, — ^A third allotropic form of titanic add, crystallizing in
tetragonal pyramids. This has been found at the. dry diggings of
Burrandong.
Sphene.
A calcium silico-titanate. Locality is uncertain ; I have met
with but one well crystallized specimen, of a green colour.
Tungsten.
Wolfram.
Iron and manganese tungstate = (FeMn) WO4. It is found in
rolled masses in association with tin-stone in many parts of New
England. It is also found in situ in the quartz veins on Elsmore,
Newstead, and other places, in the usual form of imperfectly
developed tabular crystals. It is commonly accompanied by iron
pyrites.
SCHEELITE.
Calcium timgstate = CaTiOj. Probably occurs in New England.
Molybdenum.
Molybdenite.
Chemical comp. : Molybdenum sulphide MoS,.
Usually found massive with a coarsely granular structure; also in
grains, scales, plates, and rosette clusters of crystals. Sometimes
the flat hexagonal plates or crystals are of large size; I have found
some as large as a half-crown on the Elsmore Tin Mine.
The colour is usually bluish-white, with a strong metallic lustre.
Associations. — It is rather common in the New England tin
districts, especially at the Elsmore and Newstead tin mines, where
it occurs in the tin veins traversing the granite. It is most usually
associated with quartz. On the Himter River it is foimd associ-
ated with gold, galena, pyrites, and other minerals.
Localities. — ^It also occurs at Bullin Flat, near Goulbum, at
Kiandra with quartz, and Cleveland Bay.
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 29
Arsenic.
Native Arsenic.
In massive pieces with mammillated surface, Lunatic Beef,
Solferino.
MispiCELE. — ^Arsenical Pyrites. "
Chem. Comp. ; Sulp-arsenide of iron FeS + FeAs.
Arsenic, 46*0; sulphur, 19'6; iron, 34*4 = 100. Rhombic
system. Coloiir almost silver white. Streak dark-greyish black.
Kather large crystals occur with quartz near Goulbum, also
Shoalhaven River associated with small hexagonal prisms of beryl,
which penetrate the mispickle. In New England, Elsmore, and
other places. Near Orange, very rich in gold. On the Moama or
Mitchell River near Cooradooral.
At Carcoar, with marcasite and common pyrites. Gulgong.
Occasionally the mispickle is exceediogly rich in gold.
Tellurium.
Native Tellurium.
A rare metal — ^reported to occur at Bingera.
Antimony.
Native Antimony.
I can find no authentic record of the occurrence of native
metallic antimony in New South Wales, although I believe it has
been met with in New England and elsewhere.
Antimonite.
Chem. Comp. : antimony sulphide = SbjSa.
Sb = 71-8; S = 28-2 = 100.
This ore is met with in the massive state in mineral veins, and
occasionally in rolled masses ; crystals appear to be rare.
It occurs on the Clarence and Paterson Rivers, the mineral
occuring in masses of large size, and showing broad, well-defined,
striated cleavage planes, portions of the surface usually being
incrusted with a yellow coating of cervantite, an oxide of antimony
= Sb04.
It is found associated in many parts of New England with
tinstone, molybdenite, wolfram, and other minerals.
Localities. — ^Tenterfield, Armidale, Gresford, Rylstone, Rocky
River, Grafton, Macleay and Hastings Rivers, near Mt. Mitchell,
Boorolong, Gara, Drake, Nundle Gold Field, Solferino, Wallerawang,
Gundagai, Shoalhaven River, Eden, Twofold Bay.
The Rev. W. B. Clarke records finding a rolled mass on the
North Shore.
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30 THB MINEBALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
Cervantite.
Chem. Comp.: Antimony oxide = Sb04. Sb = 79-2; = 20*8 =
100,
Usually occurs massive, as an incrustation upon antimonite
sometimes as minute circular crystals of a dull yellow colour.
Localities. — ^Almost the same as those for antimonite, as at
Gwyra near Armidale, Pyramul, and other places.
Jamesonite.
Chem. Comp. = 2 (PbFe) S + Sb, S,.
Sulphur, 21-1; antimony, 32-2; lead, 43-7; iron 30 = 100.
This mineraly usually occurs in fibrous masses of a bluish lead-
grey colour.
It occurs with cervantite in a soft quartz near to Campbell Creek
and Nuggety Gully, Bathurst district.
Bismuth.
Native Bismuth.
Found in the New England District between Oban and Tenter-
field. This metal is now becoming very valuable.
BiSMUTHITE.
Chem. Comp. : A hydrated carbonate of bismuth. Bismuth
oxide, 90*0; carbonic acid, 6*5; water, 3*5 = 100.
Found in the form of more or less roimded grains and pebbles
with stream tin in the New England district.
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THE MINERALS OP NEW SOUTH WALES. 31
PART 11.
NON-METALLIC MINERALS.
Class I.
Carbon and Carbonaceous Minerals.
Diamond.
Chem. comp. : Carbon. Cubical system. The first mention
made of the existence of the diamond in New South Wales,
which I have been able to find, is one by Mr. E. H. Hargraves,
who, in his report, dated from the " Wellington Inn," Guyong,
on the 2nd July, 1851, refers to some enclosed specimens of gold,
gems, and " a small one of the diamond kind," from Reedy Creek,
16 miles from Bathurst. The next record of the occurrence
of the diamond in New South Wales appears to have been made
by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in an appendix to his " Southern
Gold Fields," published in 1860 ; he records that four were
brought to him on September 21st, 1859, which were obtained
from the Macquarie River, near Suttor*s Bar ; the ciystalline
form which they exhibited was that of the triakisoctohedron
or three-faced octohedron, and one of them had a sp. gr. of 3*40.
Another which was received from Burrendong, on December 29th,
1859, had a sp. gr. of 3*50. One from Pyramul Creek, crystallized
in the hexakis or six-faced octohedron, weighed 9*44 grains, and
had a sp. gr. of 3*49. Another was sent to him in August, 1860,
which had been found in the Calabash Creek by a digger as far
back as 1852.
Diamonds were found by the gold diggers on the Mudgee Diar
mond Diggings in 1867, but were not especially worked until 1869.
The diamonds were obtained from outliers of an old river-
drift which had in parts been protected frt)m denudation by a cap-
ping of hard compact basalt. This drift was made up mostly of
boulders and pebbles of quartz, jasper, agate, quartzite, flinty
slate, silicified wood, shale, sandstone, and abundance of coarse
sand mixed with more or less clay.
Many of the boulders are remarkable for the peculiar briUiant
polish which they possess. The principal minerals found with the
diamond are gold, garnets, woodtin, brookite, magnetite, ilmenite,
tourmaline, zircon, sapphire, ruby, adamantine spar, barklyite,
common, and a peculiar lavender-coloured variety of corundum.
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32 THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
quartz, topaz, magnesite and nodules of limonite which had been
set free from an impure magnesite, black vesicular pleonaste, spinel,
ruby, and osmo-iridium.
The largest diamond found weighed 16*2 grains, or about 5f
carats.
The average sp. gr. was 344, and the average weight of a large
number of those obtained was but 0*23 carat. (For further
particulars, see paper on the Mudgee Diamond Melds, by Professor
Thomson and Mr.* Norman Taylor, in the Trans. Roy. Soc.
N.S.W., 1870.) The total number found has been stated roughly
at about 6,000 ; the number also from Bingera must be nearly as
many — ^in all, say, 10,000 at least.
In colour they vary from colourless and transparent to various
shades of straw, yellow, brown, light-green, and black. One of a
rich dark-green was found in the form of a flattened hemitrope
octohedron.
The most common crystalline forms which have been met with
are the octohedron the hemitrope octohedron, the rhombic dode-
cahedron, the triakis and hexakis octohedron. The flattened
triangular hemitrope crystals are very common ; one specimen of
the deltoidal dodecahedron was met with.
The lustre is usually brilliant or adamantine, but occasionally
they have a dull appearance. This is not due to any coating of
foreign matter or to the same cause as the dulness of less hard
waterwom crystals ; but it is owing to the presence of innumer-
able edges and angles belonging to the structure of the crystal ;
these reflect the light irregularly at all angles and give the stone
its frosted appearance.
The diamonds at Bingera occur imder almost exactly the same
circumstances as at Mudgee, and with the same minerals, except
that I did not come across either the black vesicular pleonaste or
barklyite.
From a series of determinations made on nineteen of the Bingera
diamonds, I obtained a mean sp. gr. of 3*42. (For details vide
paper upon the Bingera Diamond Fields — ^Trans. Boy. Soc., N.S. W.,
1873.)
Diamonds have also been found at Bald Hill, Hill End, with
the same gems as at the above-mentioned places ; one octohedral
crystal, rather flattened, which I examined, weighed 9*6 grains
(troy) and had a sp. gr. of 3*58.
A specimen of " bort" or black diamond was presented to me
by Mr. J. R. Peebles, of Sydney, which was obtained near
Bathurst ; it is of about the same size as a large pea, black in
colour, with a graphitic or black-lead lustre ; it is very nearly
spherical in form, but has a few slight irregular processes, which
seem to be due to an attempt to assume the form of the hexakis
octohedron.
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 33
In weight it is 7*352 grains (troy), and at 70® F. the sp. gr. is
3-56.
Mr. Wilkinson .mentions, that from the Bengonover Tin Mine,
near the Borah Tin Mine, several diamonds were obtained,* the
largest being 7*5 grains. From the Borah Tin Mine, situated at
the jimction of Cope's Creek with the Gwydir, 200 were obtained
in a few months ; out of a batch of 86, averaging 1 carat grain
each, the largest weighed 5*5 grains. IHamonds have been found
on most of flie alluvial tin workings at Cope's, Newstead^ Veget-
able, and Middle Creeks, and elsewhere in the district.
Amongst other places the diamond has been found in the Turon,
the Abercrombie, the Cudgegong, Macquarie, and Shoalhaven
Bivers. One was found in August, 1874, in Brook's Creek, Gun-
daroo, near Goulbum, valued at £3. At Uralla, Oberon, and
Trunkey, they are by no means uncommon ; and I have recently
obtained a small hemitrope octohedron from the Lachlan Biver
weighing 1*5 grains.
Diamonds have also been obtained from diggings on the sea-
shore near to Ballina.
A drift having almost exactly the same characters as those at
Bingera and Mudgee, occurs at Wallerawang, and on the Mary
Biver, Queensland — even to the presence of masses of conglomerate
of jasper, quartz, and other pebbles agglutinated toge^er by a
ferruginous and manganiferous cement.
Graphite. — Plumbago.
Chem. comp. : Carbon. Hexagonal system. Occurs with quartz,
iron pyrites, and pyromorphite at the head of the Abercrombie
Biver, possesses a curved lamellar structure. Occurs in small
radiating masses in the granite at Dundee, in New Valley, and near
Tenterfield.
Beported also from Bungonia, but its existence there is doubtful ;
also from the Cordeaux Biver, near Mt. Keira, and Plumbago
Creek near junction of Timbarra Creek, county of Drake.
Small particles are not uncommon in the sandsto|ie about Sydney
and other parts.
Any black clay or other substance which can be made to leave a
mark on paper is brought into Sydney as a sample of a most
valuable deposit of graphite. I have not yet seen, out of many
highly extolled specimens, one fit for even the commonest purpose.
Coal.
Asa mineral there is not much to be said about the coal of New
South Wales, as there is no very material difference between it
and that of England. The coal from certain mines is caking,
and from others non-caking, %,€,, it will not famish a coke. The
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34
THE MINE&ALS OF KKW SOUTH WALES.
amount of ash varies considerably, the coal from some of the
Northern pits not containing more than about 2*0 per cent., while
some of the Western and Southern coals contain from 8 to 14 per
cent. In some cases the seams are from 30 to even 40 feet in
thickness.
Localities. — Owing to coal being widely distributed over New
South Wales it would be almost an endless task to mention the
names of places under which it lies or at which it crops out, it must
therefore sujOGLce to refer the reader to the mineral map published by
the Government.
The area of the various coal fields of New South Wales is
approximately estimated at some 24,840 square miles.
The amount of coal raised during the year 1874 was in round
numbers : —
Northern Gold Fields 1,126,000
Southern do 137,000
Western do. 44,000
Total
1,305,000 tons.
Valued at about £975,000.
For analyses of the coal raised by the various pits in New South
Wales, I must refer you to my report made to the Mining Depart-
ment, and now in course of publication by the Government;
but there are one or two other analyses which are not included
in that paper ; the following is by Mr. BlcL Smith of the School of
Mines, Ijondon : —
BulK Coal.
Carbon
Hjdrogen
Oxygen and Hydrogen . . .
Sulphtir
Ash
Water
... 76-57
... 4-70
... 4-99
... 0-54
... 1317
... 103
100-00
Coke
Volatile gaseous matter ...
Water
... 74-78
... 2419
... 103
100-00
Sp. gravity = 1-471.
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 35
Some aaalyses of the Wallerawang Coal gave the following
results : —
A sample from a seam 17 feet 6 inches thick gave : —
Moisture 1*51
Volatile hydrocarbons ... 33*24
Fixed carbon 55*74 ) n^i,^ ak.oa ^««^«*
Ash, white g.gQ I Coke = 65-24 per cent.
99-99
Sp. gravity =1-333.
Another seam 6 feet 6 inches thick : —
Moisture 1-95
Volatile hydrocarbons ... 27*25
Fixed carbon 61*86 ) ,y^.Q^ ^^ ^^^. ^ , ^
Ash, white g.94|70'80peroent.coke.
100-00
Sp.gr. = 1*398.
The coal from the Waratah Company's mine is sometimes
beautifully iridescent. And in the Australian Agricultural Com-
pany's Borehole pit, nodules of hard and compact anthracitic coal
are met with in the substance of the softer coal.
Coal containing pea-iron ore is abundant at Nattai. Another
coal, from near to Nattai, is very brilliant in lustre, and breaks
with a pitchy lustrous conchoidal fracture like albertite; it is
also marked by the presence of thick layers of " mother-of-coal "
or fibrous mineral charcoal.
A splintery anthracite is said to occur at Gordon Brook, in the
county of Bichmond. As far as I have seen at present, only one
of the so-called New South Wales anthracites are really deserving
of that name, the others are merely very poor or else baked coals,
i.e., coal which has been more or less destroyed by the intrusion of a
dyke of some igneous rock.
Lignite.— ^Brown coal.
Chem. comp. : Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and ash. This sub-
stance may be looked upon as an imperfect coal. In some cases it
still retains the original fibrous woody structure ; in other cases it
is scaly or massive.
Found at Kiandra. Brown, but black in parts, with a pitchy
lustre; frturture subconchoidal ; exhibits woody structure. On
the Lachlan Biver, where it possesses a platy structure; found
also on Mr. Berry's land, at the mouth of the Shoalhaven, at a
depth of 12 feet; also at Turalla Creek, County of Argyle, retains
original structure of the wood, and has much the same appearance
as '^ bog oak."
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36 THE HIKEEALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
B.ESIKITE.
Reported to occur on the Clarence River.
Boa Butter.
A white, soft, somewhat unctuous substance, found between
Twofold Bay and Brogo. Mentioned by the Rev. W. B. Clarke.
Mineral "Wax. — Ozo-kerite.
Chem. comp. : Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Of a brown-grey
colour. Breaks with a subconchoidal fracture. Ooola.
Bathvellite, or Torbanite.
Found at Mt. York and Macquarie Fields.
Elatebite. — Elastic bitumen.
Chem. comp. : Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. At Reedy Creek
or Petrolia there is said to be a band of thm and very elastic sub-
stance like elaterite.
Kerosene Shale.
This mineral is found abundantly in the coal measures of New
South Wales, usually in the form of more or less lenticular
deposits. The name wollongongite was given to it by Dana, but
the term has never come into general use.
In colour the mineral varies from brown, sometimes a greenish-
brown, to jet black. It usually weathers white, and as the surfaces
of the joints are also usually coated with a thin film of a white clay-
like substance, the mineral is sometimes termed ** White Coal."
The fracture is usually large conchoidal. When struck it gives out
a woody sound. Can be cut by the knife into comparatively thin
shavings. Gives a black shining streak and a brown powder.
Thin sections, under the microscope, show an amber, brown, and
black reticulated structure. The brown portions are those which
transmit the light, and the black the opaque portions. Mr. E. T.
Newton, assistant naturalist to the Geological Survey of England,
has recently written a valuable and interesting paper upon the
microscopic structure of the so-called white coal and tasmanite of
Tasmania. (See Geol. Mag., Sept, 1875.)
Chemical Composition.
Different samples vary very much in composition. From
analyses which I have made, the following results were obtained : —
Cfreta.
Moisture '48
Volatile hydrocarbons ... 61 -66
Fixed carbon 2513
Ash (grey) 13-21
100-00
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 37
(1.)
Moisture 1-00
VolatUe hydrocarbons ... 66-33
Fixed carbon 6-27
Ash (grey) 26-40
(2.)
1-01
71-70
6-17
21-12
100-00
100-00
Moisture )
Volatile hydrocarbons / '
Fixed carbon
Ash
Hartley.
.. 82-24
4-97
.. 12-79
Wbllongong.
82-50
6-50
11-00
100-00 100-00
Specific gravity = 1 -052.
From the Hartley specimen, the ash was pinkish grey.
The analysis of the specimen fix)m WoUongong was made by
Prof. Silliman.
A very similar shale is found in New Caledonia ; the physical
properties are very similar, and the chemical composition is abown
by the following analysis : —
Moisture ...
Volatile hydrocarbons
Fixed carbon ... ... 8-71
Ash 26-12
j... 65-17
100-00
Specific gravity = 1 -238.
Some of the Hartley shale has been known to yield as much as
180 gallons of crude oil per ton.
Some specimens firom Hartley give on fracture very long flexible
concavo-convex flakes. Again, some shales like those from Murrur-
undi are full of little specks of a white aluminous pipeclay like
mineral
The kerosene shale when heated in a tube neither decrepitates
nor fuses, but there distils over from it a mixture of gaseous and
liquid hydrocarbons.
It is found at Stony Creek, Berrima, Wollongong, American
Creek, near Murrurundi ; Greta, Lake Macquarie, and Hartley.
Jet.
A true jet which takes a high polish and breaks with a
conchoidal fracture, occurs as occasional layers in the Hartley
shale*
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36 THE MINEBALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
Class II.
Sulphur.
Native Sulphur.
Occurs in small quantities as a sublimate from the vents of Mount
Wingen, the so called " Burning Mountain," in association with
iron sulphate and various other salts.
Class III.
Salts.
Common Salt.
Chem. comp. : Sodium chloride. Common in most spring
waters ; occasionally found as an incrustation from the evaporation
of lakes and waterholes.
Natron.
Chem. comp. : Hydrated sodium carbonate. Said to occur as a
deposit from the Mud Wells in the Namoi Scrub.
Class IV.
Earthy Minerals
Barttbs. — Heavy spar.
Chem. comp.: Barium sulphate. Khombic system. It occurs
with fibrous and massive green carbonate of copper, copper
pyrites, and galena, at Cambalong, Merinoo.
Selenite, or Gypsum.
Chem. comp. : Hydrated calcium sulphate. Khombic system.
Found crystallized in clay on the Darling River. Also on the
Began River. Of commercial value for the manufacture of Plaster-
of-Paris and other cements.
Arragonite.
Chem. comp. : Calcium carbonate.
Rhombic system. Good crystals of this form of carbonate of
lime are perhaps more common than of the former mineral caJcite,
especially in connection with stalactites and as enclosures within
the amygdaloidal cavities of basalt.
Beautiful groups of crystals and bunches of flosferri have been
obtained from the limestone caves at Lob's Hole, the Coodradigbee,
the junction of Cotton's River and the Murrumbidgee ; and from
near Bungonia. It also occurs at the Cataract River, and fair
specimens of stalactitic arragmite are to be seen at P<»:t Hacking.
The more or less ^herical concretions termed " cave pearls" by
Professor Boyd Dawkins, F.R.S., are also foimd in some of the
above caves notably from those at the Coodradigbee.
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THB MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 39
Airagonite occurs in vesicolar basalt at Cherry-tree Hill near
Mudgee, and groups of radiating crystals several inches in length
are met with in a similar rock at Inverell ; Jordan's Hill, Cudge-
gong; at the Brick Kiln, Bock Flat, in radiate columns or
crystals of variegated green and white colours.
Calcareous Olhifa, or Fresh-water Limestone. — ^At Burragorang,
Quialago Creek, Goulbum Plains, and at Newstead Station, New
England.
Calgite. — ^Iceland spar.
Chem. comp. : Calcium carbonate. Hexagonal system. Some-
times well-developed crystals are met with. The usual forms are
rhombohedra and their combinations, also combined with the termi-
nal pinacoid or o.p. plane, and occasionally scalenohedra. I have
not as yet observed the prism amongst the New South Wales forms.
The localities for calcite are extremely numerous, as it is met
with wherever limestone occurs, and is a common substance in
mineral veins.
Large well-developed flat rhombohedral crystals of calcite occur,
associated with quartz, in the joints and cavities which exist in
the basalt of the Pennant Hills, near Parramatta. It is also
met with in the quartz veins in association with and as the matrix
of gold, as at Gulgong and other places. It is sometimes present
in ^e joints in sandstone, as at the Cataract Biver.
Opaque white calcite occurs at Capertee.
Marble, — Several beds of very fine marble, or crystalline lime-
stone, occur in different parts of the Colony, as at Wollondilly,
whence one of the marbles, used in paving various public buildings
in Sydney has been obtained — as the great hall at the University,
and at the Post Office. Much of the Wollondilly so-called " white
marble" is of a creamy tint, variegated with pale red and light
blue streaks. A slate-coloured marble, used in the same buildings,
is brought from Marulan, near Goulbum. There is a beautifid white
marble near Bathurst, and a brecciated slate-coloured one streaked
with white at Wallerawang and other spots between the above
two places. Beautiful marbles occur at Mudgee and Orange; also at
Wellington, celebrated for its caves. At Bangalore, on the Goul-
bum Plains, iliere is found a white crystalline marble. At Yass.
Queanbeyan. Good grey and white crystalline marbles are found
along the banks of the Murrumbidgee. There are many caves in
the limestone between the Belubula Biver and the Conomodine
Creek, in the Orange district, containing animal remains, some of
which are of considerable size. Blue-grey limestone at Warialda.
The outcrops of small seams of grey crystalline limestone or marble
are seen exposed in the Minumurra Creek, near Jamberoo, inter-
bedded with the coal, shale, and sandstones of that district.
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40 THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
Oolitic Limestone, — ^A limestone of this structure is said to occur
on the Page Biyer.
Concretions, — Calcareous concretions are common in the black
and chocolate t^oloured soils of igneous origin, which occur in
various parts of the Colony, such as on the Liverpool Plains, New
England, Gwydir district. Hunter River district, and at Scone, and
in numerous other localities where there is a soil derived from the
decomposition of a basaltic or other igneous rock.
Strontianite.
I have not yet met with any strontium minerals in New South
Wales.
Apatite.
Chem. Comp. : Chloro-phosphate of calcium. Crystallizes in the
hexagonal system, in the form of six-sided prisms. It is reported
to occur in well-formed crystals with bitter spar on the Lachlan,
between Boco Rock and Wog-wog, and with graphite and quartz at
the head of the Abercrombie River ; also on the Clarence River.
This mineral is of considerable commercial value.
Wavellite.
Chem. Comp. : A hydrated aluminium phosphate. A yellow
mineral, reported to be Wavellite with a radiate structure is
found in the fissures of felstone pebbles common in Rat's Castle
Creek, Two-mile Flat, Mudgee.
Fluor Spar.
Chem. Comp. : Calcium fluoride. Crystallizes in the cubical
system.
Up to the present it has apparently only been found in the
massive state, or in but very imperfect octohedral crystals. This
mineral has been met with in several places in the New England
district, near to Inverell, at Elsmore ; at the Boundary, Sydney
and Caledonian Tin Mines, on Cope's and Middle Creeks, where it
is found in association with tinstone, a green steatitic clay, copper
pyrites, galena, quartz, molybdenite, and other minerals, all of
which may often be seen in one hard specimen.
It also occurs at south Wiseman's Creek in association with
copper ores ; in certain cases the fluor is much fissured, and the
cracks are filled in with red oxide and blue carbonate of copper,
which impart to the mineral a very pretty and ornamental appear-
ance, and it would in consequence probably serve for iulaid work
At Woolgarloo Lead Mines it is found in the massive state as the
matrix of galena ; it is usually opaque or but semi-translucent
white with pale-bluish or purple veinings.
At Mount Lambie Mr. Wilkinson reports its presence in the
Devonian beds.
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 41
Epsomite.'
Chem. Comp. : Hydrated magnesium sulphate. Occurs as an
efflorescence in the caves of the Hawksbury sandstone ; usually
masses of fibrous crystals are met with sometimes five or six inches
in length, of a beautiful white silky lustre. The crystals are
usually curved towards the free end; also in radiate groups of
small crystals. Very fine specimens have been obtained from
Dabee, Wallerawang, and Mudgee, the Great Western mines, Icely,
and Barragorang.
Maonesite.
Chem. Comp. : Magnesium carbonate. Crystallizes in the
hexagonal system, usually as rhombohedra ; but no well-developed
crystals have yet come under my notice. It is most commonly found
massive, or in concretions, having a mammillated or botryoidal
form. H. = 4 to 6. Sp. gr. = 2*94.
It is found in New England in various places, and upon the
Diamond Fields at Bingera, and near Mudgee ; when impure it is
of a gray or gray-brown colour, but when pure it is of a dazzling
white ; compact, tough, and breaks with a flat conchoidal fructure.
It adheres to the tongue, and has a very cold feel like porcelain.
It eflfervesces with hydrochloric acid, but with difficulty.
At the diamond diggings at Two-mile Flat, near Mudgee, pure
white magnesite was . observed to form by the spontaneous decom-
position of the heaps of refuse from the miners' shafts ; pebbles
were quickly cemented together by it.
The late Dr. Thomson of the Sydney University found that the
magnesite thus formed, and incrusting rubbish heaps, timber, old
tools, etc., had the following composition : —
Magnesia ... ... ... ... 46*99
Carbonic acid 49*78
Water 4*08
100*85
Sp. gr. = 2*94.
This magnesite sometimes contained calcite. It was also observed
under the same circumstances on Cunningham's Diggings on the
east side of Cudgegong Creek, and there with a peculiar vermicular
or worm-like form.
Another locality is the Lachlan Elver.
Sulphate op Alumina.
Chem. comp. : Hydrated aluminium sulphate. Commonly called
'< alum," from its astringent taste, but potassium is absent from the
mineral.
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42 THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
Commonly met with as an efflorescence in caves and under
sheltered ledges of the coal measure sandstone, as at Dabee,
Wallerawang, Mudgee Road, the mouth of the Shoalhaven River,
and other places where it is usually associated with epsomite.
Also found in the crevices of a blue slate at Alum Creek, and at
the Gibraltar Rock, Shoalhaven. Occurs as a deposit with various
other salts from the vents at Mount Wingen, together with native
sulphur in small quantities.
Websterite.
Chem. Comp. : Aluminium s\ilphate. Reported to occur on
Brush Creek, Dumaresq River.
Silica,
Quartz. — ^Rock crystal.
Chem. comp. : Silica. Hexagonal system. Found in nearly all
parts of the Colony, and in crystals more or less perfectly developed ;
the most common form is the prism combined with the p3rramid.
Occasionally prisms closed at both ends by planes of the pyramid ;
also double pyramids. Such crystals are, however, usually small
and generally occur in quartz porphyries, or are derived from the
decomposition of such.
Occasionally some very large crystals are met with, notably at
Newstead Tin Mine, New England, where, in one of the shafts,
crystals nearly one cwt. were met with ; within these, crystals of
tinstone were often found dissenunated.
Large crystals of smoky quartz are conmion almost throughout
New England, as at Bingera, Inverell, Cope's Creek, XJralla, and
at Mudgee. Some of the rock crystals found in the alluvial tin
deposits present a very pretty appearance, from the presence of
numerous minute fissures and internal films, streaks and patches
of yellow, orange, and red colours. Most of the crystals from
New England have one face of the pyramid much more largely
developed, so much so in some cases as to almost obliterate the
others.
Elongated pyramids containing disseminated crystal of cassiterite
are common at the Albion Tin Mine ; these crystals of quartz are
dull and slightly rough on three of the faces, and bright on the
opposite three.
Smoky brown Caimgorum and limpid quartz crystals are plentiful
in Ranger's Valley, River Severn ; Macintyre River, Middle Creek,
Byron's Plains.
Quartz crystals with rounded edges and dull surfaces, as if
acted upon by hydrofluoric acid, occur in the coarse-grained granite
on Mann's River.
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THE MINERALS OF KEW SOUTH WALES. 43
Quartz crystals are common near the junction of the Turon and
Macquarie Rivers; at Bukulla, clear and brilliant crystals; from the
Diamond Mountain, Cudgegong, Macquarie River, in anamygda-
loidal basalt, Deep Lead, Gulgong Rush ; at Carcoar, containing
lamellar magnetite, also with a pale blue quartz. Well-developed
and brilliant crystals from Bullamalite Creek, a tributary of the
Mulwaree, near Goulbum, at Gurragangamore and other places on
the Qoulbum Plains ; the Lachlan River, Cooma, Kiandra, the
Murrumbidgee ; in the Naas Yalley, with tourmaline and schorl ;
between Pambula and Eden, with molybdenite.
Up to the present the number of substances which I have
observed enclosed within quartz crystals found in this Colony is
not great
Endomorphs in Qtiartz OrystaU.
1. Actinolite — Morvembah, Morendee,on the Meroo, a tributary
of the Cudgegong.
2. Asbestos — XJralla.
3. Cassiterite or Tin-stone— Albion and Newstead Mines, New
England.
4. Epidote — ^Towamba and Maneero.
5. Argentiferous Galena — ^Neax Stimmer's Hill, Bathurst.
6. Gold — Boro Creek and other places.
7. Graphite — Head of Abercrombie River.
8. Orthoclose felspar — Two-Mile Flat, Mudgee.
9. Molybdenite — Bullio Flat, near Goulbum.
10. Rutile.
11. Schorl and tourmaline — Murrumbidgee.
JPseudomorpJis.
That is, quartz possessing the external form of other minerals.
Quartz after calcite — Gulgong, Yass, and Bathurst; also, often
iron pyrites and mispickle.
Amethyst. — ^A pale purple-coloured variety of quartz. It occurs
as geodes in the basalt at Kiama ; the crystals are usually small,
not being more than f of an inch through. Found also at Dubbo.
A quartz vein containing amethystine quartz occurs near the top of
Bullabalakit.
Agate. — ^Agates consist of mixtures of crystalline quartz and
chalcedony, usually arranged in concentric layers and bands ; their
structure is caused by the peculiar mode of formation, viz., by the
infiltration of silica into the amygdaloidal cavities of igneous rocks.
They are common in the basalt at Kiama, near Scone, Inverell,
and other places, and are very plentiful in the beds of many of the
rivers and old drifts of New South Wales, as in the Mackintyre,
parts of the Gwydir, the Hunter, the Cookaboo, where th^y are
derived from the basalt of the Western Range or Dewingbong
Mountain.
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44 THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
Agates and chalcedony are plentiful near Dubbo and Bald Hill,
Wellington, Mount Wingen, Maitland, Cowriga, and other places.
Jasper, — Is very abundant and widely distributed throughout
various parts of New South Wales. It is found of nearly all
shades of colour — ^pure white, grey, slate, dull blue, olive and bright
greens, brown, red, and black, both alone as simple colours, and in
varied combinations of stripes, streaks, and bands and mottlings.
It is found mainly in the form of boulders and pebbles in river
beds, and it enters largely into the composition of nearly all
conglomerates, gravelly alluvial deposits, and river drifts.
The peculiar variety known as Egyptian jasper does not appear
to have yet been met with.
Amongst the principal localities are the Gwydir, the Mackintjrre,
the Macquarie, Cudgegong, the Hunter, the Murrumbidgee, and
many of their tributaries. There are large quantities of fine red
jasper near Qobolion; also near Scone. The drifts at Mudgee,
Bathurst, Bingera, Lake George, Molong, and other places are
rich in fine jasper specimens.
Mihhon Jasper, — ^At the junction of Pink's Creek with the Bell
Biver a clay slate has been converted into ribbon jasper.
JSisenkiesel. — ^A variety of ferruginous quartz. Large masses of
this mineral in situ occur near Bingera ; it also abounds between
Guano Hill and the Bell Biver, at Oarcoar, Mount Lindesay, and at
the junction of Cotter's River with the Murrumbidgee.
Lydian Stone, — ^A velvet black form of jasper, used by jewellers
as a touchstone for gold alloys. Mullion Bange, Bathurst country.
Ohert — Common in seams and bands throughout the coal
measures. Its structure is often more or less lamellar, and the
fracture conchoidal. Mount Victoria, Wallerawang, Hartley,
Jamberoo, Illawarra, Lachlan Biver.
Chalcedony, — ^An amorphous or crypto-crystalline form of quartz.
There are several varieties of chalcedony.
Chalcedony proper: Massive, translucent, pale-grey, blue, or
brown ; with waxy lustre ; surface mammillated, and often of a
stalactitic form.
Nodules of chalcedony are found near Carcoar, with resinite and
chert ; also at Cowriga Creek, Wellington, Dubbo, Maitland, the
Hunter Biver, and filling lines of small cavities in a green felstone
on Bat's Castle Creek, 6 miles S.E. of Two-mile Flat.
Camelian : Is a bright red chalcedony, but the ornamental white
varieties of chalcedony are also usually included under the same
name by jewellers.
Bed and white camelians are rather common in the Hunter
Biver, or Maitland, and other places ; also, near Wellington ; in
Pond Creek, near Inverell.
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the minerals of new south wales. 45
Opal.
This mineral consists of silica, with usually from 5 to 12 per cent,
in water.
Precious or Nohh Opal: The precious opal of New South
Wales has the milky body colour usually possessed by this mineral,
and the same brilliant play of colours ; the dominant colours of
the scintillations are metallic green, pink, and red. Some of the
best specimens form, when polished, very fine gemnstones; but
here as elsewhere the valuable specimens obtained bear but a
small proportion to the whole. The best have been obtained
from Bocky Bridge Creek, Abercrombie Biver ; the matrix is a
fine-grained bluish-grey amygdaloidal trachyte, which is so much
altered that it can be abraded by the thumb-nail ; the opal has
filled by infiltration certain of the vesicular cavities and crevices
in this rock ; it is associated with much common opal free from
any play of colour.
The appearance and mode of occurrence of the opal found at
BuUa Creek, in Queensland, is very different ; the body colour of
the Queensland opal is usually deep ultramarine blue or green,
and the reflections are usually metallic green and red ; the matrix
is in this case a brown mottled clay porphyry, in which the opal
occurs as small veins and strings.
Opal is also found in a similar clay porphyry in the Wellington
District ; but up to the present I have only seen very small
particles of the precious opal diffused through much valueless opal ;
also occurs at Bland, near Forbes ; also at Coroo, with chalcedony,
agates, kc. ; and at Bloomfield, near Orange.
Fire Opal or Girasol — (i,e,) An opal with a red or orange tint-
occurs at Wellington. But Httle valued.
Common Opal, Semi-Opal, and Wood Opal : Are common in all
the basaltic districts ; XJralla, Inverell, Bichmond Biver, Trunkey,
Scone ; Hunter, and Castlereagh Bivers, Kiama, Lachlan Biver.
Cacholong: Dead white; conchoidal fracture; adheres to tongue.
Tumut.
Hyalite : Muller's Glass.
Found coating the joints in basalt, Jordan's Hill, Cudgegong ;
of a blue colour at Ororal.
8ilicijied Wood, — ^Is very abundant over nearly all the basaltic
districts ; the two have always been observed in close proximity.
It is very abundant abo throughout the coal measures. Large
boulders of such fossilized wood are met with in most of the
drifto and river deposits.
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46 THE MINERALS OF KEW SOUTH WALES.
Homblendd Group.
Hornblende. — ^Amphibole.
Chem. comp. : Silica, magnesia, lime, iron, manganese, ko.
Oblique system. Different varieties of hornblende vary extremely
in colour, form, and composition : —
1. Tremolite, — A white or nearly white variety occurs, at
Oooma, in long slender crystals.
2. Actmolite, — ^A dark-green fibrous actinolite occurs at Mowem-
bah in quartz.
3. Sahliie, — Crystals of this form occur in a compact augite
paste on the Cowriga Bivulet.
Large crystals of common hornblende occur at XJralla, Tenter-
field, and in New England district, and in other places. Li quartz
with lamellar magnetite, at Merrendee, on the Meroo, a tributary
of the Cudgegong ; and on the road from Jungemonia to Ilran-
been ; also at Cooma.
Asbestos. — ^Amianthus.
Chem. comp. : Magnesium silicate.
A fibrous variety of hornblende.
Said to occur in veins at Bukulla, at Guyong, and Berrada
Creek, Wellington. In basalt at the Pennant Hills, near Sydney.
With auriferous quarts in diorite at Gulgong; also found at
Wentworth, Lucknow Gold Field, Icely; Lewis Ponds Creek,
Lachlan River.
Pectolite 1
Chem. comp. : Aluminium calcium and magnesium silicate.
A light-grey and white fibrous mineral, very tough ; found at Mount
Walker by Mr. Wilkinson, containing casts of spirifers. The rock
has at the spot where this mineral occurs, been metamorphosed by
the intrusion of a vein of igneous rock.
Chlorite. — Green earth.
Chem. comp. : Hydrous silicate of alumnia and magnesia, with
more or less oxide of iron.
Li a confused mass of various crystallized substances, Gulgong,
Lachlan Kiver.
De Lessite, — ^A ferruginous chlorite. Its occuixence is mentioned
by the Rev. W. B. Clarke.
Serpentine Group.
There are several varieties of the mineral serpentine met with in
New South Wales. The rock of the same name is also found very
largely developed, both in the Northern, Western, and Southern
districts.
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THE HINSBAL8 OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 47
Serpentine.
Chem. comp. : Hydrous silicate of ma^esia.
Of an oil-green colour, semi-transparent, on the Murrumbidgee ;
at Bingera, Warialda, Barraba, and Stony Batta.
WtUicmsite, — ^Apple-green, translucent, somewhat greasy to the
touch, takes a very fair polish, and forms very pleasing ornamental
stone. H. = 3.
From Tuena.
MarmoUte. — ^A foliated variety of serpentine, occurs on the
Murrumbidgee, of a yellowish colour, associated with dull-red and
green serpentine rock.
The late Mr. Stutchbury mentions the occurrence of an orbicu-
lar serpentine on the Apsley, Manning, and Hastings Bivers or
Creeks.
JPierolite. — Chem. comp. : Hydrous magnesium silicate.
A fibrous variety of serpentine. Found at Kelly's Creek,
Owydir Biver, and in the serpentine at Bingera, with meerschaum.
It occurs also as a green striated mineral at Lucknow and Went-
worth near Orange.
Talc.
Chem. comp. : Hydrous magnesium silicate. Hexagonal system.
Occurs in the form of hexagonal crystals between Gudgeby
Biver and Naas Valley, also about Bathurst. And from Junge-
monia to XJranbeen with steatite and large hornblende crystals.
Steatite, — ^A massive indurated form of talc or hydrous magne-
alum silicate.
Occurs in Banger's Valley, Severn Biver, at Elsmore, and the
Bolitho Tin Mine, associated with tinstone. At Jungemonia and
XJranbeen, Icely.
Soapstone, Saponite, — ^Williams Biver, Icely.
Agalmatolitef or Chinese Figure Stone — In chlorite schist.
Nurembla, Callalia Creek.
Meerschaum, — Chem. comp. : Magnesium silicate. Said to occur
on the Bichmond Biver. Very doubtful.
Angite Group.
AUOITE.
Pyroxene, — Chem. comp. : Silica, magnesia, iron, lime, &c.
Oblique system. There are several varieties of olivine, which
range from white or almost white to dark green, blacky and opaque
minerals. .
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48 THE MIKEBALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
Well-formed short columnar crystals of augite are not un-
conmion. They are abundant at Newstead, Cameron's, and Middle
Greeks; near Guntawang; Pretty's Plains, near Molong ; and near
to the Pigeon House. At Bruno waterfall, Callallia Greek, with
mesotype and arragonite ia a vesicular and amygdaloidal basalt,
which rest upon columnar basalt.
Smaragdite cpntaining native copper, occurs in a hard elvan
porphyry at Molong Greek, and near to Dowagarang (the Old
Man Ganobolas).
DiALLAGE.
Ghem. comp. : Galcium and magnesiiun silicate. Occurs in small
bronze-green coloured crystals in the serpentine of Bingera, Wari-
alda, and Kelly's Greek, Gwydir River, with chrome iron. The
crystals are thin, and more or less brittle ; translucent.
Hypersthene.
Ghem. comp. : Galcium, magnesium, and iron silicate. Found
near the Lagoons, west of Gulgong.
Ghrysolite Peridot. — Olivine.
Ghem. comp. : Magnesium silicate. Ehombic system. Transpa-
rent bright green coloured specimens of chrysolite are common in
most of the gold drifts. Found in the Shoalhaven and Hunter
Bivers. Old Trigomon. Associated with the various gems in Gt.
Mullen Greek, which falls into the Gudgegong ; abo at Two-mile
Flat, Bingera, and other places. The exterior often has a white
opaque enamel-like crust.
Gem Stones.
GORUNDUM.
There are several forms of this substance — alumina. The blue
is known as the sapphire, the green as the oriental emerald, the
red as the ruby, the hair-brown as adamantine spar, the magenta-
coloured as barklyite, and the common dark-coloured ones as
corundum and emery.
Sapphire.
Ghem. comp. : Alumina, or aluminum sesquioxide. Hexagonal
Efystem. The usual forms met with in New South Wales are
double-sized pyramids, sometimes combined with the basal pninacoid
or other pyramids ; the prism is less common. Perfect crystals
are, however, rare, the majority of the specimens being either
fractured or waterwom. Iliere appears to be no record of their
having been found in situ* In certain cases it would appear from
their ^arp and unworn edge that they had not travelled very far,
H. = 9. Sp. gr. = 3-49 to 359.
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 49
The Kew South Wales sapphires, in common with those from
other parts of Australia, are usually rather dark in colour ; they,
however, are found varying from perfectly colourless and traiuk
parent, through various shades of blue and green, to a dark and
almost opaque blue. One or two green-coloured sapphires or
oriental emeralds are almost always met with in every parcel of a
hundred or so specimens, also blue and white particoloured.
Asteria or Sapphires which show a six-rayed star of reflected
light are by no means imcommon.
Sapphires are almost invariably met with by the miners as an
accompaniment of alluvial gold.
They are widely distributed over the New England District, as
at Bingera and near Inverell, with tin, adamantine spar, zircons,
topaz, and bismuthite ; in Vegetable, Cope's and Nimdle Creeks, the
Gwydir River, Dundee, XJralla, Ben Ijomond ; Mann's River, the
Abercrombie, Namoi, Peel, and Cudgegong Rivers ; at Two-mile
Flat; in Bell's River and Pink's Creek, with white topaz, almanden
garnets, epidote, spinelle, chrysoberyl, chrysolite, hyacinth, etc. ; at
Tumberumba, with tinstone and other nnnerals; also in the Shoal-'
haven and Snowy Rivers.
The late Dr. A. M. Thomson, Professor in the Sydney University,
detected a variety peculiar to the Mudgee district, which occurs in
uniformly small slightly barrel-shaped hexagonal crystals of about
^in. long and ^^-in. diameter — opaque, and of a peculiar lavender
colour.
He made out the composition as follows : —
AnaiifsU.
Alumina 98*57
Iron Sesquioxide 2*25
Lime '45
101-27
H. = 9. Sp. gr.«3-59.
Ruby, or Red Sapphire.
This is much more rare than the blue gem. The late Mr.
Stutchbury reports its occurrence with sapphire, chrysolite, hyaciuth,
amethyst, and other gems in the Cudgegong between Eumbi and
Bimbijong, and in Mullen's and Lawson's Creeks which fall into
the Cudgegong. And the Rev. W. B. Clarke found it at Tumber-
umba with similar gems. It is found too at Mudgee, but is not
common, and usually of small size ; also from a small creek, about
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50 THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
two miles from the head of the Hunter River. Dr. Thomson
determined its composition, hardness, and specific gravity to be as
follows : —
Analffiis.
Alumina
Iron sesquinoxide-
97-90
1-39
•63
•52
100-44
Lime
H. = 9. Sp.gr.«3-59.
Barhhfite, — ^This name has been given in Victoria to the opaque
magnesia-coloured variety.
Adamantine Spar.
Found at Two-mile Flat, Uralla, Bingara, Inverell. When cut
and polished en cahochon this forms a very handsome ring stone.
Emerald. — Beryl.
Chem. comp. : Silica, aluminium and glucinium. Hexagonal
system.
The name emerald is usually reserved for the deep green
coloured stones fit for jewellery, while the less beautiful and pale
varieties are termed beryls.
The emerald is said to occur mixed with granite detritus in
Paradise Creek, and near Dundee. Also in gneissiform dykes on
the summit of Moimt Tennant, and at Lanyon to the west of that
mountain ; in the granite at Cooma, and in Mann's Biver with
other gems. In some cases the beryl is probably meant.
The beryl is much more common, it is found at Elsmore
associated with quartz and crystals of tinstone. Tho beryl crystals,
which are ofben very thin and ficagile, are seen interlaced with and
seated upon tin crystals.
At Ophir the beryl occurs in white felspar with quartz and
white mica ; one crystal is f in. through, of a pale transparent
yellow green colour and vitreous lustre. Sp. gr. = 2*708.
A greenish coloured opaque beryl in small hexagonal prisms has
been found in the Shoalhaven Biver east of Bungonia; the crystals
are associated with mispickle, and in some cases they penetrate it.
Chrysobkryl. — Cymophane.
GheiKL eomp. : Glucinum aluminate. Biiombic system.
The late A&. Stutchbury mentions that he found a fragment of
this g^n in the Macquarie Biver.
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 51
Zircon, Hyacmth, Jargoon.
Chem. comp. Zirconium silicate. Pyramidal system.
The transparent red varities are known as hyacinths, the smoky
jargoon ; wlule the grey, brown, etc., are known as zircons.
This mineral is found in granite on the Mitta Mitta, and on the
Moama Kiver, some 4 miles west of Jillamalong Hill.
Zircons are very common in the auriferous river sands and
drifts, as at XJralla, Bingera, Two-mile Flat, the Cudgegong, MaC-
quarie, Abercrombie, Shoalhaven, and other rivers.
They are of course usually more or less rolled, but occasionally
the crystalline form is well preserved ; they vary much in colour,
from more or less colourless and transparent through pale-red to
crimson, brown, and opaque ; they are also found of a clear trans-
parent green, but these are rarer than the others.
Topaz.
Chem. comp. : Aluminium, silica and fluorine. Rhombic system.
Occasionally met with in well-formed columnar crystals capped
with planes of numerous pyramids. The best-formed crystals
are usually perfectly clear, colourless, and transparent. Some
very large crystals have been met with; a portion of a large bluish
green-coloured crystal found at Mudgee, and now in the Melbourne
Technological Museum, weighs several pounds; and others weighing
several ounces are by no means rare ; they are sometimes 2 to 3
inches long and broad in proportion, especially those from XJralla.
The pale bluish-green tint is the most common colour, some-
times diey are slightly yellow.
It is comparatively abimdant all over the granite region of New
England; it occurs associated with tinstone in veins traversing the
eurite and greisen granites near Elsmore and other parts; some of
the small crystals found with the tin ore are beautifully developed.
Found also at Bingera, Two-mile Flat, Bathurst ; Bell River,
also Macquarie, Abercrombie, Shoalhaven, and Lachlan Rivers.
Spinelle. — Spinel Ruby.
Chem. comp. : Magnesium aluminate. Cubical system. Small
well-formed octahedra are by no means rare ; the colour varies from
pale brown, red, deep crimson, green, to black (pleonaste).
It is found in most river deposits containing gold, as in the
sands of the Severn and its tributaries, at Uralla, Bingera, Two-
mile Flat, Bathurst, Macquarie, and Cudgegong Rivers.
Pleonaste, — Fairly well-formed large crystals of pleonaste with
well-marked conchoidal fracture are found in the Lachlan River.
One fairly well-formed octohedron, from the Muntabilli River,
Monaro district, was remarkable for its channelled faces.
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52 THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
The amorphous black vesicular pleonaste occurring on the
Mudgee Diamond Fields was examined by the late Dr. A. M.
Thomson ; he found it to have the following composition : —
Silica and undecomposed 2*75
Alumina ...
Sesquioxide of chromium . . .
Magnesia...
Protoxide of iron
98-10
Sp. gr. = 3-77.
The colour is dull black, the surface vesicular; no cleavage, but
a highly lustrous well-marked conchoidal fracture ; streak, grey.
Anhydrous Silicates,
Kyanite. — Disthene.
Chemical composition : Aluminium silicate. Anorthic S3rstem.
Occurs near to Kangaloolah, an arm of Tuena Creek some 10 miles
south of Tuena. In colour it is nearly white, the lustre pearly, in
slender flattened brittle crystals.
Stauralite.
Chemical composition : Aluminium silicate. Rhombic system.
Occ\irs in a talcose schist near Bathurst, in the form of small
brown prismatic crystals.
Andalusite.
Chemical composition : Aluminium silicate. Bhombic system. A
vein of mineral crystallized in rhombic prisms of a pinkish-grey
colour occurs in the slate rock to the east of Bungonia. The
cleavage is well marked parallel to the o.p. plane; the planes of the
prism have a vitreous lustre, but the terminal planes are dulL I
hope to have a quantitative analysis of this very interesting mineral
finished shortly.
Chiastolite (Andalusite variety of). — Chemical composition.
Aluminium silicate ; rhombic system. Occurs in granite rock, at
Amprior, Boro (Goulbum), and in small crystals in the slate near
Modbury, Shoalhaven.
Epidote.
Chem. Comp. Silica, aluminia, lime, iron, efc. : Dblique system.
Occasionally well-developed columnar crjnstals have been met
with, but I have seen none of large sizo— -also massive. Usually
various shades of green.
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THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 53
Found in the Murrumbidgee district, near Mount Tennant ; also
at Bundian, with glassy felspar and quartz below ; the Windin-
dingerie Cataract ; at Gedgedzerick; betwe^ Jingerj, Bobbera, and
Pamb\ila ; at Bibinluke, and the " Gap" Lewis Ponds ; the Shoal-
haven Biver ; also to the east of Bungonia ; Gulgong; Bathurst ; and
in the bed of the Gwydir River, and the Ora Ora.
Garnet.
ChenL Comp, : There are several kinds of garnet and they vary
in composition, but the most common are silicates of alumina,
lime, iron, manganese, and other bases.
Cubical system : The rhombic dodecahedron and the icositetra-
hedron being the most common.
It is the sdumina-lime or common garnet which is most generally
met with, especially in the granite ranges, as at Hartley ; it is
found also at Bingera, at Ponds Creek, and other places near
Inverell, at TJralla, ia a talc schist at Bathurst, Washpool Creek,
near Solferino; Trunkey Creek, Abercrombie River, Coombing
Creek Copper Mine, with hyacinth and gold on the Old Trigomon,
Moama River, 4 miles west of Jillamalong Hill ; at Hardwicke,
near Tass.
A dark greenish-brown garnet occurs in large quantities, with
magnetic iron ore, at Wallerawang, well crystallized in rhombic
dodecahedra, which contains 21*05 per cent, of metallic iron.
Tourmaline. — Schorl.
Chem. comp. : Very complex, but mainly composed of silicate
of alumina, iron, lime, soda, &c., with usually some 3 or 4 per cent.
of boracic acid; other substances such as lithia are often present.
Crystallizes in the hexagonal system, usually in the form of
prisms having a more or less triangular section, and strongly
striated parallel to the principal axis. Large prisms are met with
in the New England district, and also in the Murrumbidgee.
When the crystals are small and more or less aggregated together
into bundles, the mineral is termed schorl ; the form of it is com-
mon in the granite of New England in the tin district.
Large crystals are found in the South with pegmatite between
Mowwat and Burramungee; with tremolite at Jejedzeric in
granite.
It is also commonly found associated with gold, diamonds, and
other gems in drifts and river deposits, more or less rolled;
at times all trace of the original crystallized form is removed.
Hica«
Muscovite, or Potash Mica.
Chem. comp. : Ali^Tnininm and potassium silicate. Oblique
system.
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54 THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
Large tabular crystals of mica are met with in the coarse-
grained granite of the Bathurst District, as at Broadwater and other
places on the Macquari^e River, and at Cooma and Wheeo; crystals
of a golden-coloured mica are also obtained from the same place,
and at Orange with crystals of felspar in a pink-coloured granite.
Green mica is common in the granite of New England; die mica
enterihg into the composition of the greisen at Elsmore, and New-
stead, and other places is green. Green mica also occurs in the
granite of Tarramgun and Ororal.
In the Naas Valley mica is found in large crystals, associated
with quiartz, felspar, hornblende, tourmaline, and chlorite.
A mammillated bright golden-coloured mica is found in white
quartz at Kiandra ; this has very much the appearance of rolled
gold, for which in fact it has been mistaken ; yellow mica also
occurs in Frazer's Creek.
A bright-coloured mica with silvery lustre is met with in a
manganiferous cement at Buckley's Lead, Two-mile Flat.
Lu^ge groups of beautiful plumose crystals of mica occur at Oura
Station, Wagga Wagga.
Felspars.
Orthoclase. — Common Felspar.
Chemical composition : Aluminium and potassium silicate.
Oblique system. There are several varieties of this mineral:
Common JPklspar includes all the common non-transparent varieties ;
adularia^ the sub-transparent forms ; opalescent adularia is termed
moonstone; and glassy feUpar ; or ice spar comprises the clear and
transparent forms.
Fine well-formed crystals of felspar are almost unknown here,
although £sdrly laige and moderately well-developed crystals are
not uncommon in the coarse ground granites of the New England,
Bathurst, and Southern districts. Simple and compound crystals
of an inch or so in length, exposed by weathering, are common in
the granite of New England. Dark grey felspar at Mount Walker.
Medium sized crystals of glassy felspar are reported at Benada
Creek, also near Naas, and with quartz at Lanyon to the west of
Mount Tennant. Again near " ThQ Pass" Bundian. With mica
chlorite and quartz at Windindingerrie Cataract Adcular crystals
of glassy felspar occur in compact felspar at Mount Wingen
near the burning part
Crystallized ^ularia felspar is plentiful on Mount Lindesay.
Albite.
Chem. Comp. : Aluminium, sodium, and potassium silicates
Doubly oblique system.
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THE MINERALS OF KEW SOUTH WALES. 55
Occurs in the form of white crystals and massive in New
England, near Bingera, also in one or two places near Gulgong,
where in one place it is said to be found in association with caldte
opal, asbestos, epidote, sphoerosiderite, mispickle, blende, galena,
pyrites, and copper pyrites in an auriferous vein traversing a
diorite. It occurs crystallized with translucent quartz at Mount
Dixon, Bewelamble, Murrumbidgee, and with quartz, chlorite, and
green mica on the Coolalamine Plain and at the head of the
Tarralumla.
Nepheline.
Chem. Comp. : Aluminium, sodium, and potassium silicate.
Hexagonal system. Occurs in amygdaloidal porphyry between
the " Pinnacle,'' Dowagarang, and the Old Man Canobolas, near
Wellington.
Spodumene.
Chem. Comp. : Aluminium and lithium silicate. Oblique.
Mr. Wilkinson reports its probable occurrence at Oura Station,
near Wagga Wagga.
Hauyute.
Chem. comp. : Silica, alumina, soda, lime, and sulphuric acid.
Cubical system.
The Rev. W. B. Clarke discovered some small specimens of a
blue-coloured mineral which he believed to be hauyne, below the
Windindingerie Cataract, in association with flesh-coloured
felspar, adularia, quartz, and epidote.
Hydrous Silicates-
Clays.
Kaolin, or China Clay.
Is derived from the decomposition of felspar, and is not uncom-
mon in many parts of the Colony. A deposit of kaolin suitable
for the manufacture of the best porcelain is reported to occur
at Lambing Flat, King's PMns, and another of a dazzling white
colour on a hill near to Kocky Badge, which is in association with
a bright and pretty coloured lavender clay derived from decomposed
basalt.
Fire Clays.
Of good quality are common throughout the coal measures;
and in the shales, daystone nodules which would probably yield
high-class cement are plentiful.
Brick days.—Jjarge deposits of clay, which bum to red, white,
and intermeaiate colours, are common in the County of Cumber-
land, derived frt)m the disintegration of the Wianamatta shale.
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56 the minerals of new south wales.
Hallotsite.
Chem. comp. : Hydrous silicate of altunina.
This is an amorphous earthy mineral^ resembling steatite, derived
from the decomposition of igneous rocks. Adheres to the tongue,
can be scratched and polished by the nail ; of various colours —
black, brown, grey, green, and red ; the black often contains small
brilliant white veins. When placed in water the mineral usually
DeJIs to pieces, and the edges become translucent.
Specimens of black halloysite are from time to time brought
from all parts of the Colony as samples of graphite.
Occurs in railway cutting through decomposed basalt containing
chabasite at Eeedy and Stony Creeks, Sutton Forest; at Two-
mile flat of a pretty green colour ; Carcoar and Lachlan Biver.
Zeolites.
This group of minerals is distinguished by the property which
most of them possess of fusing with intumescence before the blow-
pipe, i.e., they boil up, the name being derived from ^rf<a, to boil,
and At^os, a stone. The are usually found filling the amygdaloidal
cavities and crevices in igneous rocks, and never as crystals
disseminated through the mass of the rock like pyrites, garnet, or
mica. In chemical composition they consist essentially of com-
pound silicates of alumina, the alksJine earths and alkaUs ; and
when treated with acids gelatinous silica is separated.
Stilbite.
Chemu comp. : Hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Hhombic
systemu Beported to occur in metamorphic silurian shales at
Adelong.
Laumonite.
Chem. comp. : Hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Oblique
system. This mineral occurs in the form of white crumbly pris-
matic crystals in association with black and white particoloured
calcite crystals in the cavities of ah amygdaloidal rock on the
road between Geringong and Kiama.
There is a pink mineral in slate on the Mudgee Koad, found by
Mr. Wilkinson, which is probably a laumonite. (For further
particulars see Beport upon New South Wales, part I., p 20.) On
analysis this min^al yielded the following results : —
Silica 63-266
Alumina, and trace of iron oxide ... 22*833
lame ... 11-000
Water of combination 1 2 -646
Spedfic gravity, between 2^3 100>224
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THE MINERALS OF NSW SOUTH WALES. 67
It also oocurs as a white powdery mineral in asofb grey-coloured
amygdaloidal trachytic rock at Myalla. This mineral may at once
be recognized j&om its readiness to undergo decomposition.
Mesotyps.
Chem. comp. : Hydrous silicate of alumina and soda. Found in
amygdaloidal basalt. Locality (1)
Scolezite.
Same chem. comp. as the above. Shombic system. This
mineral is found with cylindrical masses of bitter spar in a
basalt, Emu Greek, Kew England. It is distinguished by curling
up like a worm before the blowpipe, — Whence the name, from
CKnokri^f a worm.
Akaloike, or Cubical Zeolite.
Chem. comp. : Hydrous silicate of alumina and soda. Cubical
system. Occurs at InverelL
Chabasite.
Chem. comp. : Hydrous silicate of alumina, lime, and potash ;
Hexagonal system : commonly assumes rhombohedral forms.
This is perhaps the most abundant of the New South Wales
zeolites, and the crystals are often very well developed. It
occurs in basalt with delessite at Musclebrook. And in well-
formed rhombohedra in trachyte on the Lachlan Elver ; also in an
amygdaloidal basalt at Beedy Creek, Sutton Forest ; with calcite
in a similar rock at Coroo. It also occurs in the cavities of a puce-
coloured rock at Fountain Head in simple rhombohedral crystals
of a wax-yellow colour, and is associated with a bright orange-
ooloured powdery mineral and a grey-green steatitic substance ;
the matrix can be readily cut with a knife, and leaves a shiny
streak.
It is also reported from the Talbragar and Abercrombie Elvers,
and is present in the basalt of the Blawarra district
Hebschelite.
This is probably only a variety of gmelinite, one of the chabasite
group, and occurs with calcite and analdme, dystallized in double
hexagonal pyn^ds at Inverell.
Pbehnite.
Chemical Composition : Hydrous silicate of alumina and lime.
Ehombic system. Occurs at Emu Creek, Kew England, of a green
colour ; and in association with orthoclase felspar and copper ores,
at Eeedy Cre^k^ Molong:
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58 THS MIinBBALS OF NEW SOUTH WALBS.
List of Minerals mentioned in the foregoing Paper :-:-
Actinolite 46
Adamantine Spar 50
Adularia 64
Agalmatolite 47
A«ato ^ 48
Albite 54
Alum : 41
Amethyst 43
AmianthHS 46
Amphibole :. 46
Analcime 57
Anatase 28
Andalusite 5a
Anglesito 24
Annydrons Silicates « 52
Anthracite 35
Antimonite 29
Antimony, Natire 29
Antimony Oxide 80
Antimomal Copper Ore 17
Antimony Sulphide 29
Apatite 40
Argentite, Silrer Sulphide 12
Arragonite 88
Arsenic, Natire 29
Arsenical Pyrites 29
Asbestus 46
Asteria 49
Agalmatolite 47
Atacamite 16
Augite • 47
Azurite 16
Barklyite 50
BaiTtes 88
Bellmetal Ore 17
Beryl 60
Bismuth, Natire ^ 80
Bismuthite , 30
Bitumen, Elastic 36
Blende 23
Bog-butter 86
Bog Iron Ore, Limonite 20
Bornite 17
Brick OUy 55
Brookite 28
Brown Coal, Lignite 35
Cacholong 45
Oairagorum " 42
Oaldte 39
Oamelian 44
Oassiterite 26
Oerussite 24
Oervantite 30
Chabasite 57.
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THB MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
59
PAOI.
Chalcedony 44
Chalcopjritefl 17
Chalcotriohite » 14
Chalybite 20
Chert 44
Chiastolite 62
Chlorite 46
Chromite, Chrome Iron 21
Chiysoberyl 60
Chrysooolla 16
Ohryiolite 48
Cinnabar '. 18
Clays 66
Coal, Common 83
„ Brown, Lignite 86
„ Cannel 88
„ Anthracite ; ;... 86
Cobalt, Oxide 23
Condurrite 16
Copper, Natire 13
„ Black Oxide, Tenorite 14
„ Bed Oxide, Cnprite 14
„ Chloride, Atacamite 16
„ Blue Carbonate, Chessylite 16
„ Green Carbonate, Malachite 14
„ Gh*ey Sulphide, Copper Q-lance 16
„ Pyrites 17
„ Purple, Bomite 16
Copper-nickel 22
Corundum 48
Cuprite 14
Cyanite, Eyanite 62
Cymophane 50
Delessite 46
Diallage 48
Diamond 31
Disthene ,• 62
Domeykite 17
Earthy Minerals 88
Eisenkiesel 44
Elaterite 86
Emerald 50
Emery 48
Epidote 52
Epsomite 41
Fahlerz 16
Felspar, Common 64
Ghissy 54
Figure-stone 47
Fire-clay 55
Flos-ferri 38
Fluor-spar 40
Galena 26
Garnet 53
Gems : ;.: 48
Girasol : 45
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60 THE MINERAL8 OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
FAOE.
GJ-melinite 57
Gold 2
„ Nuggets 2
„ Silver, &e., in 5
„ Vein... 9
„ Assooiations 9
„ Distribution 10
,1 Amountof 10
„ DiscoTery 10
Odetheite 19
Graphite 83
Green Earth 46
Gypsum 38
Hjematite , 18
HaUoysite 66
Hauyne 55
Heavy-BP" • 38
Herschelite 67
Hornblende 46
Hyacinth 51
Hyalite 45
Hydrous Silicates 65
Hypersthene 48
Ice-spar 54
Iceland-spar 39
Ilmenite 21
Iridium 13
Iron, Natire 17
„ Brown Hematite 19
„ Carbonate 20
„ Chromate 21
„ Limonite 20
„ Pharmacosiderite 21
„ Pho8phat>e
„ Magnetic pyrites, Pyrrhotine 22
„ Pyntes ^ 22
„ Scorodite 21
„ Spathic -r 20
„ Specular 18
„ Sulphide 22
„ Titaniferous 21
Iron-ores 17
„ Brown 19
„ Magnetic 18
Iserine 21
Jamesonite '....... 30
Jargoon 51
Jasper 44
„ Bibbon 44
Jet ; 37
Kampylite 24
Kaolm 65
Kerosene Shale 36
Kupfemickel 22
Eupfermanganerx 23
Kyanite ....;* **...** » ; .;. ;....;;..;...!;..... 62
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THS MIXERALS OF NSW SOUTH WALES. 61
FAOl.
Lanmonite ^
Lead, Natire 24
„ Aneniate 24
„ Carbonate 1 24
„ Molybdate 24
„ Oxide, Bed Lead 24
„ Phosphate 24
„ Sulphate 24
„ Sulphide, Glance 26
Lignite 86
Lime, Carbonate 98
„ Phosphate 40
„ Sulphate 38
LrdianBtone 44
Magnesia, Carbonate 41
„ Sulphate 41
Magnesite 18
Magnetite 41
Magnetic Pyrites 22
Malachite 14
Bfanganese 23
Marble ; 39
Marcassite 22
Marmolite 47
Meerschaum 47
Melaconite, Tenorite ^ 14
' Menaccanite 21
Mercury, Native 13
„ Sulphide, Cinnabar 13
Mesotype 57
Mica 53
Mineral Wax 36
Mimetite 24
Minium 24
MispicUe 29
Molybdenite 28
Moonstone 64
Muller's Glass, HyaUte 46
MusooTite 68
Natron 38
Nepheline 65
Nickel, Arsenides 22
Nigrine 21
OliTenite 16
Olivine 48
Oolitic Limestone « < 40
Opal - 46
Orthoclase 64
Osmo-iridium ^ • 13
Oaokerite 36
PectoUte 46
Peridot , 48
Pharmakosiderite 21
Phosphocaloite 16
PicTolite 47
Plakodine 22
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62 THE MINERALS OF NEW SOUTH'^WALES.
PAas.
PlAtinum 13
Fleonaste 61
Plumbago 83
Porcelain Clay, Kaolin 55
Prehnite 57
Pyrites, Iron 22
„ Marcassite 22
„ Magnetic , 22
Pyromorphite 24
Pyroxene 47
Pyrrhotine 22
Quartz 42
QuicksilTor, tnde "MLerawrj 13
Bedruthite 16
Besinite 86
Rock-crystal 42
Buby, Oriental 49
„ Spinelle 51
ButUe 27
Sahlite 46
Salt, Common 88
Saponite 47
Sapphire 48
Scheelite...*. 28
Schorl 53
Scolezite, Skolezite 67
Scorodlte 21
Selenite 88
Serpentine 47
Shale, Kerosene 86
Siderite 20
Silica 42
Silicified Wood 45
Silrer, Native 12 '
„ Antimonial 18
„ Sulphide 12
Smaragdite 48
Soapstone 47
Soda, Carbonate 38
Sodium Chloride 38 '
Specular Iron Ore 18
SphsBrosiderite 20
Sphene 28
Spinelle 51
Spodumene 56
Staurolite 52
Steatite 47
Stilbite 66
Strontianite ^ 40
Sulphur : 38
Talc 47
Tellurium, Native 29
Tenorite 14
Tetrahedrite 16
Tin-ore : :....: 25
Titanium ...: :..;.; : : 27
Topaz ; 61
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THB MINERALS OF N£W SOUTH WALES. 63
PAGE.
Torbftnite 36
Tourmaline 53
Trayertine, Fresh- water Limestone 39
Tremolite 4i&
Tungsten 28
Wad .- 23
Warellite 40
Websterite 42
Williamsite 47
Wolfipam 28
Wood Opal 46
Wulfenite 24
Zeolites 66
Zinc-blende 23
Zircon j 60
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